Introduction to the Scientific Method :: essays research papers

Introduction to the Scientific MethodThe scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to build an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world. Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena, we aim through the use of standard procedures and criteria to minimize those influences when developing a theory. As a famous scientist once said, "Smart people (like smart lawyers) can come up with very good explanations for mistaken points of view." In summary, the scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing an hypothesis or a theory. I. The scientific method has four locomote1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of phenomena. 2. Formulation of an hypothesis to explain the phenomena. In physics, the hypothesis often takes the form of a causal mechanics or a mathematical relation. 3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations. 4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters and properly performed experiments. If the experiments bear out the hypothesis it may come to be regarded as a theory or law of disposition (more on the concepts of hypothesis, model, theory and law below). If the experiments do not bear out the hypothesis, it must be rejected or modified. What is key in the description of the scientific method just given is the predictive power (the ability to get more out of the theory than you put in see Barrow, 1991) of the hypothesis or theory, as tested by experiment. It is often said in science that theories can never be proved, only disproved. There is always the possibility that a new observation or a new experiment will conflict with a long-standing theory. II. Testing hypotheses As just stated, experimental tests may dealer either to the confirmation of the hypothesis, or to the ruling out of the hypothesis. The scientific method requires that an hypothesis be ruled out or modified if its predictions are all the way and repeatedly incompatible with experimental tests. Further, no matter how elegant a theory is, its predictions must agree with experimental results if we are to believe that it is a legitimate description of nature. In physics, as in every experimental science, "experiment is supreme" and experimental verification of hypothetical predictions is absolutely necessary.

Family and Medical Leave Act Essay -- essays research papers

Family and Medical Leave ActOn August 5, 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act became effective for most of the employers and employees covered by the act. The FMLA is designed to help employees balance their work and family responsibilities by altogetherowing them to take reasonable unpaid leave for certain family and medical reasons, including serious health conditions that prevent the employee from working. Not however has the FMLA evolved over the years, but also the current application in the workplace environment is very complex for the employee as well as the employer. Over the years, FMLA has evolved into a one of the most discussed and complex laws in the United States. Since 1993, over 35 million in line workers have taken leave for family or medical reasons. For all the employers covered by the act, 80 percent reported that it had a positive effect or noticeable effect on business productivity, profitability and growth. (www.familyleavesurvey.com) As the FMLA has evol ved, it has had positive effects on both employees and employers. However, even though it is very effective, it is also a very complex law. FMLA covers private sector employers that employ 50 or more individuals. Public employers are covered under FMLA no matter how many workers they employ. The FMLA requires covered employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to eligible employees for childbirth or care of a child, adoption, their own serious illness or that of a...

Hamlets Crazy! :: essays research papers

small towns CrazyThe idea of passion portrayed by juncture and Ophelia is a accurate example of the changes that occur after certain traumatic situations. Hamlets actions throughout the play are a direct reaction towards the trauma anterior in the play. Ophelia and her ending in life is the ultimate price of madness. Both Hamlet and Ophelia were not the only two people in this play that had kaput(p) mad. In the end, the whole cast had gone mad. Hamlets madness played a bigger role in the play than Hamlet himself. In the very beginning, when Hamlet first conversed with his dead fathers ghost, Hamlet and his sanity had changed. Hamlet had gone insane after seeing a ghost. This was not such a wrong thing. In one scene, Hamlet said nothing only if a grunt to Ophelia, who was left dumbfounded in fright. Ophelia whitethorn of sensed Hamlets madness at this point. Perhaps it had rubbed off on her. In a speech directed towards Polonius, Hamlet, with total disregard of Polonius and hi s whole steps, repeatedly offended him. Polonius was in deed testing him at this time. Claudius had witnessed this and said there was method in his madness-- I agree. After all of this it is fairly transparent that Hamlets madness had written the play.If Hamlet were stable with his Fathers death, and his Mothers re-marriage, the plot would be far less spectacular and the play would have ended in the first scene. The whole idea of Hamlet and his madness thickened the plot and furthered the play. Would Polonious have died without Hamlets madness? Or would Ophelia drown herself without Hamlet and his ways? Not likely. Hamlet was not the only one who had gone mad with rage Laertes too had gone mad. ascend the end of the play, after his father had been slain and his sister drown, Laertes too had caught the Hamlet Madness Disease. Laertes might have had an immature jealousy towards Hamlet, but I disagree. Strangely, Hamlet seemed to act more sane when Laertes began to lash out at Haml et while attending his dead sisters funeral. From that point on Hamlet seemed more calm and together. He apologized to Laertes for killing his father, and blamed it on his madness. He then referred to him as a brother. These are not the actions of a mad man, but of a man with regret and solitude.

The Legalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes :: Medical Marijuana Drugs Papers

The legalisation of marijuana for medicinal purposes has become an increasingly controversial topic, with many unlike issues on which plurality have many different opinions. There is opposition to the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes be earn it has the potential to be employ incorrectly, however it is also considered that there is the potential for marijuana to be used in relieving the suffering of many salutaryly ill patients. Marijuana has been used by people for thousands of years to provide relief from many different serious medical problems. There are many doctors who currently support the effectiveness of using marijuana as treatment for various medical conditions. The many people who are suffering from cancer, multiple sclerosis, and AIDS have found that marijuana can be a very effective pain and symptom reliever. The legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes is viewed by its opposers as one of the worst things that we could do. Their reasons are t hat they feel that marijuana should not be legalized for medical use because it is an illegal core and until that is changed, prescribing it is against the law. Attorney General Janet Reno announced that physicians in any state who prescribe the drug could lose the privilege of writing prescriptions, be excluded from medicare and Medicaid reimbursements, and even be prosecuted for a federal crime (Kassier 1). Government officials such as Janet Reno are not the only ones to object to the legalization of marijuana. Many parents groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers object to the legalization of marijuana for medical uses. Their objections come from a reasonable concern that there has been an increase in the use of marijuana by youth. Their concern is expanded since the marijuana of today is much more potent than the marijuana of a few decades ago. The potential for these teens to obtain the drug would increase. Also, the Federal Health and Drug enforcement officials feel that by legalizing marijuana, they would be sending the wrong message to young people (Your Health 1). Strong evidence that shows that regular use of marijuana for long periods of time could cause severe lung damage (Your Health 3). If the use of marijuana could damage a patients lungs, then the risk could outweigh the benefit. Marijuana smoke can be in two ways as toxic as tobacco smoke to a human lung. The strongest point that many make opposing the legalization of marijuana is that there vertical is no clear evidence that smoking marijuana can help an individual who is ill (Marijuana for the Sick 2).

Quality Education Endangered :: School Learning Essays

Quality Education EndangeredEducation today is leaving students ignorant while overworking them to the point that they adjudge little free time to relax and lose fun. Teachers atomic number 18 not teaching their students some of the basic knowledge of the subjects and instead ar assigning grand amounts of homework to the students in an attempt to educate them through repetition. I do believe that homework is necessary to reinforce lessons, but the massive amount we are receiving is going too far, especially considering students are still graduating without the education they need to continue to a higher take of schooling. In actuality the lesson they are receiving is how to handle existence overworked. If a student joins even one activity or takes on a part time job, their lives become a balancing act. Time becomes priceless and must be used wisely in order to come out on top of it all. With the amount of effort a students puts into their education in grade school they should at least being getting enough out of it to smoothly move on to their next step in life.the States is the home of famous colleges like Harvard and yet American college students have to work extra hard to get a good educational experience. College freshman in California are a perfect example of this. Between 70 and 90 percent of all students entering the California State University system have to take some form of remedial course work in basic subjects like English and math (Jennings 305). These students are starting out their college eld behind where they are supposed to be so they will have enough knowledge of basic courses to be able to succeed in college level classes. In essence, students are paying money and spending extra time to learn exactly what they are supposed to have already learned from their earthly concern education. Everyone knows how hard it is to get out of a four year college in four years today and remedial course are a stemma of the blame. IUP, for example, h as a full course list for the students to complete to get their degree with minimal free elective credits to accommodate the extra classes. Remedial classes besides take up the space designed to allow for a minor if the students should desire to receive the extra education. It is no wonder that so many students are now be referred to as super seniors.

Quality Education Endangered :: School Learning Essays

Quality Education EndangeredEducation today is leaving students ignorant while overworking them to the repoint that they have little free time to relax and have fun. Teachers are not teaching their students some of the basic knowledge of the subjects and instead are appoint considerable get alongs of homework to the students in an attempt to educate them through repetition. I do believe that homework is necessary to reinforce lessons, but the massive amount we are receiving is going too far, especially considering students are still graduating with egress the schooling they need to continue to a higher level of schooling. In actuality the lesson they are receiving is how to apportion being overworked. If a student joins even one activity or takes on a part time job, their lives become a balancing act. metre becomes priceless and must be used wisely in order to come out on top of it all. With the amount of effort a students puts into their education in grade school they should a t least being getting enough out of it to smoothly move on to their next step in life.America is the home of famous colleges like Harvard and yet American college students have to work extra hard to get a good educational experience. College newcomer in California are a perfect example of this. Between 70 and 90 percent of all students entering the California State University organization have to take some form of remedial course work in basic subjects like English and math (Jennings 305). These students are starting out their college years behind where they are supposed to be so they will have enough knowledge of basic courses to be able to succeed in college level classes. In essence, students are paying money and spending extra time to learn exactly what they are supposed to have already learned from their public education. Everyone knows how hard it is to get out of a four year college in four years today and remedial course are a source of the blame. IUP, for example, has a f ull course list for the students to complete to get their degree with minimal free elective credits to accommodate the extra classes. remedial classes also take up the space designed to allow for a minor if the students should desire to receive the extra education. It is no wonder that so many students are now be referred to as super seniors.

Australian Beverages Limited

Exam case Australian Bever boards Limited Pre-seen information Semester 1 2010 Australian Beverages Limited Pre-seen information A. Introduction to Australian Beverages Limited display 2010 Australian Beverages Limited (ABL) commenced semi aristocratic soak up manufacturing in 1937. During the 1970s and 1980s, the family expanded its crapulence portfolio by entering into other non-alcoholic crapulence categories, such as crop and milk-based drinks.Entry into the morsel food commercialize place was re cently at a impose placetaken in response to declining custom of blowated muted drinks (CSDs), the play alongs traditional discipline of business strength. This move overly enabled ABL to leverage its slopped scattering capabilities to super commercialises, gadget stores and hospitality transmission enchants by adding adding such complementary food productions to non-alcoholic drinkables. Nevertheless, CSDs still accounted for 90 per cent of company revenue in 2004. gobbler Dwyer, the current managing director, has been with the company since 2005.He joined the company at a time when CSD reaping was stagnating and sh be sustainer confidence in the company was waning. This had takingsed in the sh atomic number 18 equipment casualty declining by 15 per cent in the two historic period prior to his appointment. In show to restore shargonh old(a) confidence, Dwyer formal a strategic planning team within the company to assess the current product portfolio and identify organic and scholarship exploitation opportunities. From this review the importance of operational excellence was identified and strong investment was made in world class manufacturing facilities and systems.Process re-engineering was implemented to stiffen monetary value of manufacture and time to foodstuffplace. Having finalised the integration of a snack food business encyclopaedism just over 12 months ago, Dwyer is now aw be that he needs to identify further growth options given predicted continuing decline in the CSD market. In January 2010 he asked the strategic planning team to undertake other detailed review of opportunities for future growth, unique(predicate) exclusivelyy identifying products and markets where the company would drive home the capabilities for succeederful entry.Bottled piddle was one perseverance that was identified, based on its complementary nature to the exist drinking portfolio. This patience had been identified as of interest in the ABLs low gear strategic review in 2005. At that time the market was deemed likewise sm tout ensemble and unsophisticated. However, the Australia bottled weewee supply system manufacturing intentness has bountiful significantly since this initial review. Dwyer has requested a detailed review to determine whether entry into the domestic bottled pee manufacturing persistence is now a viable strategic option.If deemed to be a viable strategic option, Dwyer similarly insufficiencys a recommendation whether the ABL should enter the fabrication by establishing its own operations or by targeting an existing enemy for encyclopaedism in order to gain immediate market sh ar. B. The Australian bottled urine manufacturing industriousness 1 Bottled pee is the fastest growing category in the non-alcoholic beverage market in Australia, with sales revenue of $1. 483 billion in 2009. The major segments of the assiduity admit bottled still and scintillation weewee. Within these two segments, disparate squeezeaging sizes and types argon domiciliateed.Water can be purchased in a range of single or multi-serve bottles including 600 milli lambert, 1 litre or 5 litre bottles from the supermarket or doojigger store. Bottled peeing is in like manner available in bulk packs (that is 10 litres or greater) for piddle coolers for home or assurance example. Different types of weewee withal exist, from of course sourced sparkling mineral irrigate to purified 2 and specialty piss supplys. Manufacturing facilities for purified water are principally located in close proximity to major water utility suppliers to minimise the transport distance from the water source to the purification plant.In contrast, just about sparkling mineral water manufacturing plants are necessarily concentrated in close proximity to luxuriously character reference mineral springs where the product is bottled at source, normally in regional locations. The bulky and comparatively low value of the product as surface as the high costs of transport mean that the manufacturing and dissemination plants need to be located where there are major population centres. The Australian bottled water manufacturing industry is before long in a growth stage. emersion has been actiond due to the increase in per capita consumption of bottled water, albeit from a relatively low base compared with other more(prenominal) established beverages. As consumers bl end in more tumesceness conscious and change their intoxication habits away from CSDs to healthier beverages, bottled water would change magnitudely become their drink of choice. 1 2 All figures are for the year end 31 December unless otherwise stated. Purified water is water that has been produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis or other suitable processes.Page 1 of 21 As a result, sales of bottled water are evaluate to increase. Of particular significance in the industry has been the large number of unused products that constitute been launched and accepted by consumers since 2005, making bottled water a dynamic and fast growing industry. 1. Evolution of the Australian bottled water manufacturing industry 3 A relatively tonic industry, the Australian bottled water manufacturing industry evolved out of the soft drink manufacturing industry during the 1990s. Soft drinks are those that do not contain alcohol.Soft drinks are distinguished from hard drinksbeverag es such as distilled spirits, beer or wineby the simple fact that they do not contain alcohol. Given bottled water is a category within the broader non-alcoholic beverage industry, slues impacting this broader industry also impact on bottled water. Total non-alcoholic beverage revenue in Australia was over $10 billion in 2009, including CSDs, bottled water, fruit succuss, strength drinks, sports drinks 4, manipulate to drink teas and milk beverages. put over 1 shows the market dowry of bottled water within non-alcoholic beverages over the past 10 years and predicted market share to 2014.Table 1 Australian non-alcoholic beverages market share of volume by category- 1999 to 2014 Category Diet CSDs Full calorie CSDs CSDs Bottled Water Milk suck ups* Fruit Drinks** Sports Drinks Ready to Drink Tea/ Coffee Energy Drinks Total non-alcoholic Beverages 1999 16. 70% 46. 10% 62. 80% 6. 40% 8. 20% 20. 70% 1. 50% 0. 40% 0. 00% 2004 16. 50% 41. 30% 57. 80% 9. 50% 9. 60% 18. 80% 2. 20% 1. 70% 0. 40% 2009 16. 30% 34. 70% 51. 00% 13. 30% 11. 90% 16. 90% 3. 70% 2. 00% 1. 20% 2014 (P) 16. 10% 25. 30% 41. 40% 17. 40% 16. 00% 14. 80% 5. 0% 2. 90% 2. 50% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% 100. 00% P = jut * Includes white and tactual sensationed full fat, skim and soy milk beverages ** Includes fruit juice and fruit drinks Australians consumed 963 million litres of bottled water in 2009. However, Australia consumption of bottled water is significantly lower as compared with the total consumption of the top 10 global bottled water consuming countries. Table 2 shows Australias per capita consumption compared with that of the highest consumption per capita countries in the world.When compared to similar markets, such as the United States, Italy, France and Spain, this data suggests that the Australian market has strength for a higher(prenominal) rate of consumption and sales growth before it reaches maturity. It needs to be noted, however, that the drivers for bottled water consump tion can differ. The climate or drop of clean drinking water impacts on consumption levels in countries such as Mexico and the United Arab Emirates. However, in Italy, France and Austria, for example, consumption of bottle water is operate by fashion.A recent report by the Global Earth Policy Institute concluded that global consumption of bottled water rose 56. 8 per cent to 164 billion litres from 2005 to 2009. Table 2 Global bottled water consumption Litres per capita 2005 and 2009 Country Italy Mexico United Arab Emirates France Spain Germany Switzerland United States Australia Global Average 2005 170. 3 128. 7 120. 7 129. 0 112. 0 110. 8 99. 1 70. 0 35. 3 17. 9 2009 202. 0 185. 4 179. 9 155. 8 140. 3 137. 4 109. 5 89. 6 45. 5 26. 6 Total % Change 18. 6% 44. 1% 49. 0% 20. 8% 25. 2% 24. 0% 10. 5% 28. 0% 28. 9% 48. 6%Projection figures for the industry were provided by industry experts at the recent Bottled Water Institute of Australias Future Focus conference. Beverage sended to help athletes rehydrate, as well as replenish electrolytes, loot and other nutrients, which can be depleted after strenuous training or contender. 4 3 Page 2 of 21 Table 3 contains consumption statistics of bottled water in Australia, display existent consumption for the past seven years and projected consumption for the next half a dozen years. Table 3 Australian bottled water consumption, 2003 to 2015 2003 605 30. 6 2004 677 33. 8 2005 715 35. 3 2006 765 37. 2007 825 39. 9 Consumption million litres Consumption per capita (litres) 2008 906 43. 3 2009 963 45. 5 2010 (P) 1024 48. 0 2011 (P) 1089 50. 5 2012 (P) 1159 53. 3 2013 (P) 1235 56. 3 2014 (P) 1316 59. 4 2015 (P) 1398 62. 4 P = Projection Table 4 shows total industry revenue over the past seven years and projected revenue for the next half a dozen years for the Australia bottled water manufacturing industry, compared to that of non-alcoholic beverages in total. Historical growth in bottled water has been derived from increases in total consumption, helped along by strong customer acceptance of new products launched over the past atomic number 23 years.The increase in the total Australian population together with an increase in per capita consumption of bottled water has conduced to this historical growth. (Compared with other developed markets, however, growth in the Australian market has been achieved from a relatively low base). These trends are expected to protract in the future. Bottled water will therefore continue to increase as a percentage of the non-alcoholic beverage market. Table 4 Australian bottled water and non-alcoholic beverage revenue 2003 to 2015 2003 810 $1. 34 7 199 2004 920 $1. 36 7 675 2005 990 $1. 8 8 191 2006 2007 2008 2009 Bottled water revenue $m Bottled water Ave $ per litre Non-alcoholic beverages revenue $m Bottled water % of non-alcoholic beverages 2010 (P) 1 070 $1. 40 8 723 1 200 $1. 45 9 250 1 335 $1. 47 9 648 1 483 $1. 54 10 449 1 660 $1. 62 11 024 2011 (P) 2012 (P) 2 121 $1. 83 12 235 2013 (P) 2 375 $1. 92 12 871 2014 (P) 2 611 $1. 98 13 515 2015 (P) 2 796 $2. 00 14 177 1 877 $1. 72 11 619 11. 3% 12. 0% 12. 1% 12. 3% 13. 0% 13. 8% 14. 2% 15. 1% 16. 2% 17. 3% 18. 5% 19. 3% 19. 7% P = Projection An exception to the identified growth trends, however, is the deli truly of bulk water for home and office use.This product type is now in the mature phase of its life history cycle. It has experienced low growth over the past five years as more offices and homes install water filters as a result of improvements in filter technology. To counteract the decline in bulk water sales to offices and homes, bottled water manufacturers suck up developed new dissemination bring for bulk water products. Increasingly bulk packs are sold in gas station forecourts and supermarkets. To date, manufacturing capacity within the industry has meant that manufacturers have been able to meet growing get hold of using existing manufacturing infrastructure.Pro duction monetary fundpiling has not occurred which has helped manufacturers protect their profit tolerances. They have been able to achieve an increased weighted average price per litre as all production is generally sold in the year it is produced, glinting the strong engage growth. The average price per litre has also been influenced by new product launches during the past five years, particularly the range of bounty 5 waters and smaller, more convenient packaging sizes that achieve higher average prices. 2. Bottled water manufacturingThe Australia bottled water manufacturing industry has similar manufacturing and distribution processes to the non-alcoholic beverages industry from which it emanates. 2. 1 Water supply There are several sources of water for bottling, such as subsurface springs, wells and water storages. The source of water plays a key role in the quantity and quality of bottled water that is produced. About 25 per cent of all bottled water comes from water sto rages that is tap water) that is further treated before 5 Premium waters are generally higher priced waters which have higher levels of purity or are sourced from natural springs.Page 3 of 21 bottling at an average price of $2. 40 per kilolitre. The other 75 per cent of water comes from groundwater at an average price of around $1. 00 per kilolitre. In some Australian states, permits are required to extract groundwater. Bottled water manufacturers often contract out the actual extraction of water to external providers. The price of water in Australia compared with other countries and with other products is very low. It has become the subject of debate due to diminishing water supplies caused by extended drought conditions in Australia.To increase water prices would be politically contentious and many consumers would argue that because water is a basic serviceman need it should be free. It is significant to note, however, that Australians pay a thousand times more per litre for bott led water than they do for tap water of similar quality. 2. 2 Treatment Once water has been sourced, the next step is to filter and purify the water to remove organic compounds such as metal ions. These compounds can contribute adversely to the taste and odour of the water and to bacteria that may cause health problems.Some water, mainly mineral water, is naturally carbonated at the source. However, more commonly, carbonation of both(prenominal) spring and purified water takes place in the factory (where both the treatment process and bottling occur). For other drink types (for example sparkling wines or beer) carbonation is achieved naturally during the fermentation of sugar into alcohol. However, for sparkling water, carbonation cannot be achieved through a fermentation process, as no sugar is added. It is therefore achieved by injecting carbon dioxide, into the water under pressure.The pressure increases the solubility of the water and allows more carbon dioxide to dissolve tha n would be possible under standard atmospheric pressure. When the bottle is opened the pressure is released, allowing the fluff to come out of the solution, thus forming bubbles. 2. 3 Bottling and go afterling After the water has been treated, and in some cases carbonated, it is transferred (if carbonated, this transfer occurs under pressure) to a filling machine. Here, bottles or bulk containers are filled and then passed by conveyor belt to a sealing machine.Once sealed, the bottles are packed in cardboard boxes for transport. There are presently 22 bottled water manufacturers in Australia certified by Food Standard Australia. Some manufacturers operate on a contract bottling basis only, providing bottling go to companies that have their own trademarks or to supermarkets which sell private label products 6. However, a number of these bottlers do have brands of their own which they sell. 2. 4 Packaging Bottled water is provided to consumers in a variety of packages. These may be codswallop, PET plastic (polyethylene terephthalate) or polycarbonate bottles.Water can be purchased in a range of single or multiserve bottles from unlike outlets and is available in bulk packs for water coolers for home or office use. The technology required to bottle water is quite basic and widely available. However, to achieve the volume of manufacturing required to be cost competitive, the level of capital investment is large. Key improvements in technology have been focused on quality prevail and automation to meet the need for greater manufacturing efficiencies and the strict health and regulatory standards of food standards that apply across all Australian states and territories.Environmental concerns are uprising in relation to the disposal of empty drink bottles. With the increasing amount of water being consumed, the issue of the resultant bottle waste has become significant. In Australia, of the 118000 tonnes of drink bottle plastic used every year, only 35 per c ent is recycled. In South Australia, where consumers can redeem a deposit for drink containers, the bottles made up less than 10 per cent of the states rubbish, compared with 13. 4 per cent nationally.Drink bottles also take up more space than other waste, comprising 38 per cent of total volume of litter. Recycling experts believe that the recycling of empty water bottles is hampered because well-nigh bottled water is consumed as a convenience beverage outback(a) the home where recycling bins are not readily introductionible. Following the success of reducing the use of plastic shopping bags it is thought that the introduction of a comprehensive empty bottle deposit law would create the incentive to recycle bottles. This would also help to ease the burden on taxpayers who pay for the clean-up of litter. Private label products or services are typically those manufactured or provided by one company for offer under another companys brand. Private label goods and services are usuall y positioned as lower cost alternatives. Page 4 of 21 3. Industry segmentation The Australian bottled water manufacturing industry has two clear defined segments Still water this segment accounted for 76 per cent of consumption volume in 2009. glister water this segment accounted for 24 per cent of consumption volume in 2009. 3. 1 Still waterStill water is generally consumed for hydration and thirst satisfaction at home, in the office or plot of ground travelling. Convenience is a major factor in the growth of the still water segment. It is used as an alternative to other packaged beverages when consumers want to domesticate their calories intake and seek an unsweetened, clean tasting and natural product. Water is the best and healthiest form of hydration as it is a fat and calorie-free thirst quencher when consumers are not fit with the aesthetic qualities (for example, taste, odour and colour) of their tap water.Many people wish to drink something that is refreshing, cl ean and pure, and avoid certain chemicals used in the treatment of public water supplies, such as chlorine and fluoride when consumers require the convenience of bottled water for their refreshment. This is especially the case with the evolution of more widespread leisure activities and the elaboration of travel, for both business and pleasure and for nutritional and performance usefulnesss, such as near waters 7 and mineral water supplements claiming to have the nutritional components equivalent to a whorl of salad.As shown in Table 5 below, significant growth in bottled still water in Australia has occurred over the past six years, and this has driven most of the growth in the overall industry. As with the industry overall, the average price per litre has increased due to the introduction of premium bottled still waters. Table 5 taxation and production- Still Water- 2003 to 2015 Type Revenue $million Production million litres Ave $ per litre 2003 555 516 $1. 08 2004 648 584 $1. 11 2005 708 619 $1. 14 2006 780 668 $1. 17 2007 883 720 $1. 23 2008 999 796 $1. 25 2009 1 127 847 $1. 33 010 (P) 1 279 901 $1. 42 2011 (P) 1 472 958 $1. 54 2012 (P) 1 688 1 020 $1. 65 2013 (P) 1 934 1 095 $1. 77 2014 (P) 2 154 1 173 $1. 84 2015 (P) 2 323 1 252 $1. 85 P = Projection 3. 2 Sparkling water Carbonated water was commonly known by the name of soda water until field War II. In the 1950s, new terms such as sparkling water began to be used due to the negative perceptions associated with use of the word carbon being considered a chemical additive in water. Sparkling water is essentially still water into which carbon dioxide gas has been dissolved, resulting in the formation of bubbles.Sparkling water is generally consumed as a refreshment beverage mostly while dining out sort of than for hydration or thirst satisfaction alone. In the last few years, supermarkets have started to stock premium sparkling water brands. 7 Near Water also known as functional waters. These are bottled water beverages which have nutrients added, such as fruit juices, vitamins or minerals to enhance the positive health benefits associated with water. Page 5 of 21 Table 6 Revenue and Production- Sparkling water- 2003 to 2015 Type Revenue ($million) Production (million litres) Ave $ per litre 2003 255 89 $2. 7 2004 272 93 $2. 92 2005 282 96 $2. 94 2006 290 97 $2. 99 2007 317 cv $3. 02 2008 336 110 $3. 05 2009 356 116 2010 (P) 381 123 $3. 10 2011 (P) 405 131 $3. 10 2012 (P) 433 139 $3. 12 2013 (P) 441 140 $3. 15 2014 (P) 457 143 $3. 20 2015 (P) 473 146 $3. 24 P = Projection $3. 07 While experiencing declining growth, sparkling water is still showing some growth, albeit at a good deal lower rates than still water. This reflects the refreshment beverage nature of sparking water which is generally consumed at restaurants and cafes rather than in the home.The bulk of the sparkling water consumed is comprised of premium imported spring waters, such as Eau de Vivre, which is the w orlds premier sparkling water brand. As such, the average price per litre for sparking water is substantially higher than that of still water (see Table 6). This reflects the increased cost of manufacturing required to carbonate the water, different closure types required to protect the carbonation, the cost of imports and the premium nature of this product. The increase in average price over the projection period reflects estimates in foreign reciprocation movements. Foreign exchange xperts forecast that the current high levels in the value of the Australian dollar are not sustainable and project them to decline in the future. 4. Distribution trends Bottled water is sold by manufacturers to independent wholesalers, including specialist confectionary and soft drink wholesalers as well as grocery wholesalers. Figure 1 below illustrates the current industry distribution channel. Figure 1 Australian bottled water distribution channels 2009 Manufacturer Wholesaler Supermarket Conven ience stores Direct Distribution Hospitality Home & office Delivery vending machines Other End ConsumerIn the past few years, sellers have been increasingly buying direct from the manufacturer to reduce the cost of goods by eliminating the wholesaler margin from their purchase price. This has been facilitated by improved information systems that now provide timely information to manufacturers for production planning, thereby enabling them to engage in direct sales to a larger numbers of customers. The increase in direct distribution has been most notable amongst major industry adversarys. Major retailers want to purchase from fewer, larger companies.Beverage wholesalers, however, still play an big role in distribution for smaller bottled water manufacturers. These smaller antagonists generally have a smaller product range and are unable to meet major retailer fills for inventory management and direct to store delivery. Page 6 of 21 Table 7 shows the share of revenue in 2009 by distribution channel. Table 7 Major distribution channels share of revenue- 2009 Distribution channel Supermarkets and grocery wholesalers 2009 35. 0% 30. 0% 15. 0% 9. 0% 6. 0% 5. % 519 445 222 133 90 74 Revenue ($m) Comments Supermarkets use online ordering systems direct to manufacturers, bypassing wholesalers in general. Major growth in this channel reflecting convenience purchasing. Main outlet for the purchase of single-serve products. Dominated by higher priced spring and mineral waters, including imported products. Bulk packaged water is the main product through this channel. Placed in schools, sports clubs and other public places or venues. Niche value added brands only due to high transportation costs (e. g. exportingings) or specific to single distribution channels.Convenience stores (including petrol stations) Hospitality Home and office delivery Vending machines Other Branding is an important discriminator in the bottled water manufacturing industry. Existing competit ors that have established brand names have an reinforcement over new entrants who have to spend heavily on marketing for brand recognition. Sales in convenience stores have ceaselessly been an important distribution channel for soft drinks. This importance is growing, not only for soft drinks but also for bottled water, driven by the trend in more frequent convenience shopping for time-poor consumers.Success in the convenience store channel is critical for any new product to succeed. If the brand recognition is achieved, it is often quickly followed with brand extensions, leveraging the brand to offer new flavours and packaging. Once consumer demand is established in the convenience store channel, the move into the supermarket channel generally supports maintenance of profit margins, considering that supermarket vendee mogul is reduced when strong product demand has been established.Manufacturers have had to respond to significant changes in consumer buying behaviour. Product di stribution, presentation and availability has had to match these changes in order to maximise sales. Increasing quantities of product are now communicated through convenience stores and petrol stations. For example, bulk water packs were once sold via direct sale to offices. However, as more offices have installed their own in-built water filters, this channel has declined and there has been a shift to bulk water sales through petrol stations and supermarkets.A key strategy employed by non-alcoholic beverage manufacturers to lock out rivals is the placement of vending machines and refrigeration units in distribution outlets. This ensures that their products are stocked and presented for the best possible sales whilst making it heavy for competitors to get refrigeration space. The distribution outlet has to invariably agree not to stock competitor products as part of the terms of using the refrigeration equipment supplied. Vending machines are increasing in variety, size, style and sophistication, depending on where they are located.Distributors in some locations, such as private or non-government schools, have worked with the manufacturers to introduce the use of smart card technology for payment and therefore avoid the need for cash. Similarly, in the hospitality arena, manufacturers have to tender for the supply of beverages to key entertainment and uncontaminating venues. Once a manufacturer has salutaryd a contract with a venue, their product has guaranteed sales for a defined period of time. Quite often, patrons are not allowed to bewilder in their own beverages for consumption or are limited in the amount they are allowed to bring in.Hospitality, through restaurants and cafes, is the main distribution channel for sparkling waters and it is also common practice for venues to be locked into one particular manufacturer. Exports and imports represent about 5 per cent of industry production. These levels are not expected to change in the future due to th e high cost of transporting the heavy weight and bulk of water. The Australian bottled water manufacturing industry is protected to some expiration from the threat of water imports due to the high volume and low unit value of water, even though water with no additives is exempt from tariffs.For water that has added sugar or other sweeteners, there is a 5 per cent import tariff. The main distribution channel for imported waters is cafes and restaurants that primarily serve premium sparkling waters. Page 7 of 21 5. Demand trends Bottled water is a growing part of the non-alcoholic beverages industry. While the broader non-alcoholic beverages industry is growing, bottled water is growing at a faster rate due to increasing awareness of health issues. Research shows that people want better tasting and healthier alternatives to many of the soft drinks and sports drinks before long available.Market research surveys suggest that over 90 per cent of Australians consume too many sugary and caffeine-based drinks. As bottled water is part of this larger beverages industry, it is important to understand firstly, the trends impacting on non-alcoholic beverage consumption overall, as well as the trends specifically impacting on bottled water consumption. 5. 1 Non-alcoholic beverages Consumption of non-alcoholic beverages in Australia increased from 179. 7 litres per capita in 2005 to 228. 5 litres per capita in 2009.Per capita consumption trends for all non-alcoholic beverages generally follows consumption patterns in the United States. On that basis, there are still significant opportunities for growth in all non-alcoholic beverages, including CSDs. Currently, Australian per capita consumption is 63 per cent of the US consumption level. Increasing awareness of the obesity problem in Australia, as well as the firmly established focus toward health and wellbeing, is ensuring strong future growth for healthy beverages. This has resulted in the introduction of sugar-free or d iet CSDs.However, many older Australians are not switching to sugar-free versions of the CSDs they used to drink. Instead, they are moving to alternative beverages. Hence the general decline in the consumption of CSDs has also been accompanied by a rise in the consumption of beverages that are perceived to be healthy, such as fresh fruit juices, flavoured milks, energy drinks, sports drinks and ready-to-drink teas. Changing lifestyle trends, health consciousness and a growing cafe culture have also contributed to an increased demand for these alternative beverages.For example Freshly squeezed fruit juices, with fresh flavour attributes being preferred by the consumer. With the emergence of juice bars and a greater focus by manufacturers in establishing juice brands, consumption of juice products has increased. In the United Kingdom and United States, juice bar sales represent about 5 per cent of total juice sales in those countries. However, in Australia, juice bars are still only an emerging distribution outlet and offer a good opportunity for new product development and growth. Ready-to-drink teas, with their antioxidant properties being promoted, have become a popular health drink. The Australian market for this product is currently 2 million litres per annum and predicted to grow to as much as 20 million litres over the next few years, particularly as the Australian population ages. Product development includes a variety of flavoured ready-to-drink teas. Flavoured milk is a growth beverage. Data shows that Australians are each drinking, on average, nearly 0. litres more flavoured milk per annum than a year ago. Perceived health benefits of milk have contributed to this growth, and this is expected to drive continued growth in the future. Milk sales have increased by 6. 7 per cent with low fat brands performing particularly well. Last year, each Australian, on average, drank 9. 5 litres of flavoured milk more than the per capita figure for any other coun try. Both energy 8 and sports drinks 9 are growing products in a society that is increasingly health conscious and aspiring to be more active.Energy drinks have had double digit growth since 2006 and the sports drink market has grown 14 per cent on volume and 20 per cent on revenue compound annual growth over the last three years. 8 Beverages that are designed to give the consumer a burst of energy by using a combination of methylxanthines (including caffeine),vitamins and herbal ingredients. 9 Purified water with additives similar to those of sports drinks with the aim of providing hydration during sport. Page 8 of 21 5. 2 Bottled waterBottled water consumption has increased significantly over the past six years, but is still significantly below consumption levels of other developed countries including Europe and the United States. This indicates further opportunities for growth in Australia, primarily at the put down of CSDs and fruit based drinks, given the rising concern surro unding the link between CSD consumption and obesity, especially in children. unmatched possible reason for the lower per capita consumption of bottled water by Australians is the relatively good quality of tap water available.Tap water contains fluoride ions which have a positive effect on tooth decay. The drinking of bottled water, which is distilled 10 to remove element such as fluoride, is believed to be contributing to an increase in the risk of tooth decay. However, most people continue to sterilize with tap water and this should provide sufficient fluoride to prevent tooth decay. Alternatively, some people wish to avoid exposure to fluoride, particularly systemic ingestion of fluoride in drinking water, and may choose such bottled water for its absence of fluoride.Nevertheless, surveys show that there is an increasing concern about the quality of tap water in Australia and that this is drive some growth in bottled water consumption. Growth is further supported by concerns a bout alcohol consumption and associated drink-driving accidents which has encouraged the consumption of non-alcoholic beverages, such as bottled water, when dining out. Females consume about 58 per cent of all bottled water in Australia. Young people, in particular females aged between 18 and 35 years, are the largest consumers of bottled water.In general, bottled water consumers are more health conscious and socially aware. Studies have found that younger generations are far more restless in drinking their recommended daily intake of water and men are less likely to think about water consumption on a daily basis than women. In addition, for young women, image is an important factor in determining consumption behaviour. Figure 2 shows consumption by age group. Figure 2 Australian bottled water consumption by age group, 2009 30 25. 8 25 20 23 18. 5 14. 8 % 15 10 5 0 9 8. 9 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 and older Age group (years) 10Distillation is the process of eliminating impur ities by heating a liquid until it boils, capturing and cooling the resultant hot vapours, and collecting the condensed vapours. Page 9 of 21 Due to the increase in health consciousness, water has also become a fashion accessory. Some consumers now carry a bottle of water with their mobile phone and iPod. Packaging is therefore critical. Small plastic bottles are preferable for many consumers as they are re-sealable, perceived to be more contemporary and can fit in car-cup holders. The convenience factor means that the most popular pack size is around 600 ml, as shown in Table 8 below.This is an important consideration for convenience when travelling for business or leisure. In fact, it is the convenience aspect that has to some extent, driven the growth in bottled water. Table 8 Australian still water revenue share by pack size Pack Size 1999 2004 2009 500 750ml 12 litre Bulk 47. 3% 22. 8% 29. 9% 52. 3% 27. 5% 20. 2% 57. 3% 32. 6% 10. 1% 2014 (P) 60. 3% 34. 8% 4. 9% P = Projection Increased future consumption of bottled water in the home is likely to result from continued growth in household disposable income in Australia.This disposable income growth will also sustain growth of takeaway foods and restaurant meals, both of which tend to increase consumption of bottled water and fruit juice. However, while currently experiencing positive growth, total household expenditure on consumable goods is expected to dull in the future. This will adversely affect growth in discretionary spending on all beverages. However, a factor which contributes positively to growth in the sales of bottled water is the climate. The gradual warming of Australias climate is expected to support further growth in water consumption.Bottled water is well positioned to benefit from the shift in consumer preferences towards healthier and natural drinks. Spring water is particularly popular in Australia because it is perceived to have come from a natural, pristine environment. This is beef up by marketing that emphasises the pure and natural image of water. As well as purchasing more bottled water, consumers are also prepared to pay more with 69 per cent of consumers recently surveyed believing quality is more important than price. New product development activities are targeting changing consumer lifestyle needs and the trend towards purchase convenience.There are now numerous bottled water brands available in Australia, from international beverage brands to boutique rain farms. The huge variety of waters and sources means that the bottled water market has a broad demographic reach. According to a recent consumer survey, at least 99 per cent of all Australians have tried or purchased bottled water in the last 12 months. The Australian bottled water manufacturing industry has pursued sales growth by create products for deferral markets. Smaller producers can supply relatively small segments with specialist or premium products.Given the continuing concern about the use of artificial colourings, flavourings and preservatives, the industry is expected to develop a range of premium products better suited to the demands of the health conscious consumer. For example, pet owners can now buy vitamin-fortified water specifically formulated for their canine companion. 6. Costs and gross margins Bottled water has the highest profit margins of all non-alcoholic ready-to-drink beverages. This is due in part to the strong growth that the industry has achieved.Manufacturers are also able to sell all production in a year. Industry rivalry is relatively low, particularly as the major competitors are focused on supplying through different distribution channels. A percentage breakdown of costs in 2009 is as follows 55. 2 per cent for purchases of supplies 26. 8 per cent for marketing, distribution and selling costs 12. 1 per cent for wages 4. 1 per cent depreciation and administration costs and 1. 8 per cent for utilities and rent. A net margin of 16. 3 pe r cent was achieved by the industry in 2009. Page 10 of 21Purchases include water supplies, labels and other packaging materials such as glass and plastic resin bottles and closures which are generally purchased on 5 year contracts. One of the key costs is polyester (PET) resin for bottles however, there is no forward market 11 for PET resin. As a commodity, PET resin has been subject to price rises over recent years, as the price of oil has increased. This is reflected in the kidskin decline in gross and net margins experienced by manufacturers in 2009, as shown in Table 9 below. Overall, however, the cost to create bottled water is relatively inexpensive.Therefore, water is a more profitable product than other nonalcoholic beverage categories. Table 9 Five year weighted average industry gross and net margins 2005 2006 2007 Gross margin % Net margin % 31. 3% 16. 6% 31. 9% 16. 9% 31. 1% 16. 5% 2008 2009 30. 7% 16. 3% 31. 5% 16. 7% Current levels of profitability are expected to con tinue. However, it is noted that as sales through the supermarket distribution channel increase, so too will the buyer power of these large retailers and this may have a negative impact on profitability levels.At a recent presentation, ABLs managing director, Tom Dwyer, commented The increasing power of major retailers will squeeze the small competitors in both the food and beverage businesses. Without modern technology, smart systems and economies of scale, it will be very troublesome for small manufacturers to generate an acceptable return on capital employed and maintain current levels of profitability. 7. Industry key success factors and future predictions Industry experts sum up the following areas as critical to future success in the Australian bottled water manufacturing industry Distribution and lacement Control of distribution channels through an established and comprehensive network of distribution outlets to gain access to end consumers is essential to ensure timely d elivery, low costs and maximised product reach through effective placement. If not operating in a niche market, manufacturers must become a major competitor in the wider market. In general, a major competitor needs to have at least 20 per cent share of at least one distribution channel. Effective market orientation, product promotion, and advert Market research, product development and speed-to-market are important capabilities.Successful competitors need to be able to clearly segment the market and develop products that reflect the requirements of different customer groups. The ability to effectively promote their brand and provide label and packaging design is also important. First movers with effective distribution have an advantage in that new competitors need to spend heavily on marketing to catch up. The effectiveness of strong advertising, a sophisticated distribution chain and a focused strategy is critical in influencing consumer choice.Strong brand names contribute to th e appeal of bottled water as an accessory as well as building a products reputation for quality. Having these attributes allows manufacturers to win market share within particular consumer segments and charge premium prices. Economies of scope Breadth of product range enables efficiencies in distribution, marketing and administration. Such efficiencies are gained when a competitor uses its manufacturing process to produce a wide range of beverage brands (and possibly also complementary products) which are provided as part of a total solution to the various distribution channel customers.Being a total beverage provider to major customers is befitting more important as these major customers are increasing in concentration and prefer to deal with fewer larger manufacturers. Economies of scale Economies of scale are very important for a low value product since high volumes must be produced and sold to maintain profitability. Manufacturers must have effective cost controls and access to the most efficient manufacturing and distribution processes, tracking technology and techniques to monitor sales and respond accordingly.Economies of scale are particularly important for competitors who have unvarying products. Since unit manufacturing costs are an important element of profitability, it follows that economies of scale, based upon critical mass, are also important. Some manufacturers have commenced contract bottling for smaller industry participants in order to secure manufacturing volumes. 11 A forward market enables producers to lock in prices for a defined period of time, thereby providing certainty of costs. Page 11 of 21At the recent annual Australian Beverage Congress, Alan Vaughan, an independent industry expert of 30 years experience, presented an extensive insight into the bottled water market and its future direction. Vaughan concluded his presentation with this comment The Australian and global beverage industries are in a period of growth and major tr ansformation. In general, there has been a switch away from carbonated drinks to beverages with less sugar and additional functional benefits. To the younger customer, the older brands are looking a little staid, with bottled water and energy drinks viewed as more cool and exciting.This is reflected in marketing and advertising campaigns. People these days are working harder and have greater commitments. Bottled water and energy drinks are replacing other traditional beverages because they provide refreshment as well as a functional benefit, such as re-invigoration, replenishing hydration and energy levels, modify mental alertness and enhancing concentration. These beverages appeal to everyone from partygoers to office workers, through to truck drivers. C. Industry competition 1. Basis of competition The basis of competition for non-alcoholic drinks are primarily price, convenience and taste.The main basis of competition by which bottled water competes against other beverages, suc h as CSDs, fruit drinks, sports drinks and energy drinks, is health appeal. Given zero or very low sugar content, both still water and near waters have successfully developed an image of being healthier than other drinks and this has driven growth in the industry. To a degree, home filters also serve as a source of competition, although mainly against the bulk water segment. Tap water is also an external competitor, with a clear advantage in price. Beverage marketing and display are beginning to undergo dramatic change.There will always be the major conventional media promotions, but the consumer market is becoming much more time sensitive and there is a high level of competition from substitute products, mainly other non-alcoholic beverages. The major ways for industry participants to differentiate and compete successfully include Branding, image and breadth of product range modern growth in bottled water is related to the successful positioning of a number of brands as fashion a ccessories. Both media support behind the brand and the design of the bottle including the label contribute to the appeal of a product.Breadth of product range is also important as concentration of major customers continues. Large retail buyers (both in the supermarket and convenience store channels) prefer to deal with large manufacturers or suppliers that can provide a large product range. Packaging Convenience is a key benefit of bottled water. Hence bottle size, shape and functionality form a basis of competition. Bottles are designed with particular uses in mind, for instance some water bottles have a pop-top cap for ease of use when playing sport or training.Distribution coverage An ability to satisfy the needs of retailers, and obtain good terms such as promotional programs and stock positioning is important. Market share dominance of distribution channels is important as it allows manufacturers to diffuse the power of large buyers and maintain strong profitability levels. T he ability to secure shelf space in convenience stores is also important, given that success in the convenience store channel is a precursor to getting new products into supermarkets. Taste Especially at the premium end of the market, taste can be a basis of competition for both still and sparkling waters.Use of market data Access to and use of market data is also important. The larger the competitor the more likely they are able to afford retail check-out scan data to understand what its customers are buying. In this way, manufacturers can ensure retailers replenish their stock as required. This provides larger manufacturers with an advantage of responsiveness and flexibility as they make use of this information and respond quickly. Page 12 of 21 2. Current industry competitors The Australian bottled water manufacturing industry is dominated by large beverage manufacturers.Two of the major competitors are subsidiaries of global food and beverage conglomerates that are also majo r competitors in the non-alcoholic beverage market. Table 10 summarises the market share of the industry competitors in 2009. It should be noted that Australian Beverages Limited (ABL) is not currently in the Australian bottled water manufacturing industry, despite being a major competitor in the Australian non-alcoholic beverage market. Table 10 Market share by distribution channel and major competitors 2009 Total market share 26. 9% 26. 3% 18. 3% 12. 0% 16. 5% 100. 0% Other includes export sales and use of purified water for medical procedures (for example dental etc) ** Other competitors comprise small, locally based water manufacturers. No single entity has greater than 2 per cent market share Competitor Butlers supply Water International Beverages Fountain Springs Other** Total Market Share Australian bottled water manufacturing industry Market share by distribution channel Supermarkets Convenience Hospitality Home & Vending Other* & grocery stores (15%) office machines (5%) wholesalers (30%) delivery (9%) (6%) (35%) 27. 0% 35. 0% 25. % 15. 0% 30. 0% 38. 0% 22. 0% 20. 0% 15. 0% 35. 0% 20. 0% 17. 0% 35. 0% 15. 0% 10. 0% 10. 0% 5. 0% 15. 0% 70. 0% 5. 0% 16. 0% 15. 0% 55. 0% 20. 0% 30. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% 100. 0% The industry has grown significantly to date. To keep industry profitability levels relatively high, the industrys major competitors have tended to dominate one or two distribution channels only, rather than all channels. In this way, they hope to avoid strong head-to-head competition. This has assisted in keeping the overall level of industry rivalry relatively low to date.However, this is expected to change in the future as consumption growth begins to slow. Several new competitors have entered the market over the last five years. Moreover, industry consolidation has occurred. Major industry competitors have acquired smaller competitors to increase economies of scale, scope, market share and profitability. In 2009, the fo ur largest competitors accounted for approximately 82 per cent of industry revenue. No major change is expected to this trend in the future as further consolidation will be difficult due to the relatively high market shares held by the four major companies.Regulatory concerns about restriction of competition will also affect further consolidation. Two of the competitors, Butlers breadbasket and International Beverages, are owned by global food and beverage conglomerates that use Australia as the base for their non-alcoholic beverages operations in Asia. Industry experts believe that acquisition of either of these companies, to be used as a mode of entry into the industry and gain significant market share, is not possible. The parent companies will be unwilling to sell their Australian operations. The major industry competitors are summarised below. 2. 1 Butlers toiletA wholly owned subsidiary of a large multi-national listed company, Butlers Corporation commenced operations in the United Kingdom in the 1800s as the official chocolatier to the King. Operations were expanded throughout the 20th century to include other types of confectionary, biscuits, snack foods and non-alcoholic beverages. Geographic expansion was also undertaken. Butlers Corporation is now a global giant in its chosen products. Butlers established its operation in Australia during the 1950s. It has held the majority market share in the Australian confectionary, non-alcoholic beverage and snack food industries for the past 20 years.The company entered the Australian bottled water manufacturing industry during the 1980s through the acquisition and consolidation of several state-based water manufacturers. This helped Butlers to become the first bottled water manufacturer to have national distribution. Page 13 of 21 Butlers has strong distribution capabilities given its broad product range. It is the largest supplier to convenience stores and the second largest to the hospitality distribution channels. Growth in its market share of the supermarket channel has also been strong over recent years, in particular through its well known still water brand Olympus.The company also holds significant market share in the sparkling water segment, having obtained the Australian license for Eau de Vivre, the worlds leading sparkling water brand. One of the areas of focus for Butlers is innovation for all its beverages. This includes a large of number of soft drinks such as flavoured mineral waters, flavoured milks and fruit juices. Its broad product offering that includes complementary snack products, has been leveraged to achieve strong sales in convenience stores and through vending machines. 2. 2 Hydrate Water Pty LimitedHydrate Water is a privately owned company that originated in 1993 in Queensland. The company has access to natural springs in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, and a long term agreement with key water utilities in these states to access water when required . It distributes nationally from ISO 9002 quality accredited manufacturing facilities in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. The company has products in the sparkling and still water segments. The products include energy drinks, fruit juices and a limited range of high quality carbonated soft drinks.It is also the manufacturer of the leading brand of still water, H2O, that is sold through the supermarket distribution channel. Hydrate is seeking a stronger presence in convenience channels. Its business model focuses on using its funds to support retailers so that the retailers can offer promotions, rather than spending on direct consumer advertising. The company has recently begun investigating the use of scanned retail data to monitor sales trends and adjust production volumes accordingly.This investigation into scanning data is due to having run out of inventory at the end of last financial year when the manufacturing plant was closed for annual cleaning an d maintenance. As a result, the company had lost some market share. A number of the companys water products are targeted to the sporting and energy drink consumer. One of its best known brands, Viva , has a 72 per cent market share in sports water products. Hydrate Water has been able to leverage the high brand recognition of Viva to successfully introduce flavoured water.Similarly, Hydrate Water sells the leading brand in sparkling mineral water and has again leveraged this brand by introducing a number of flavoured mineral waters, including diet drinks. Both these initiatives have resulted in above average market growth for the company. The company is particularly well known in the industry for its packaging innovation and engineering design capability. Hydrate Water developed Pop Tops small plastic bottles that were very successful with young children as they fit perfectly into lunch boxes and have the advantage of being re-sealable.The Pop Top range increased its bottling turn over by 50 per cent. This product won the coveted Australian dietician award for Best New Product when launched. It also received the Australian Health intromission endorsement for its diet drinks. In addition, the company has been commended by dieticians for promoting products that address the increasing concerns of childhood obesity linked to CSDs. Hydrate Water was also the first company to introduce stackable bulk water packs for sale through supermarkets.The management team at Hydrate Water have extensive industry experience, having a incarnate 80 years in the industry between them. Operations manager, Simon Miles, is well regarded in the industry and is currently the chairman of the Bottled Water Institute of Australia. Current owner, sea dog Wells, has indicated he wishes to retire in the next five years, and has been grooming Simon Miles as his successor. An offer for acquisition was received from International Beverages last year, but Wells off down the offer as he did n ot want to sell the Australian business he established to an international company.Page 14 of 21 2. 3 International Beverages Limited International Beverages is the wholly owned subsidiary of a large multinational company and sells fruit juices, energy and sports drinks, water and soft drinks. Its initial entry into the Australian market was through fruit drinks. During the industry consolidation in the 1990s, the company entered the bottle water manufacturing industry through acquisition. done its parent company, International Beverages has the licence to sell the worlds leading brand of bottled still water Aqua Grande, in Australia and New Zealand.The company also sells the imported sparkling water brand San Vitale one of the most popular mineral waters bottled at the source. This product, in particular, has given the company a strong share of the hospitality channel. Company growth has been driven by new product development and product extensions which have leveraged existing ca pabilities and focussed on specific consumer requirements. The companys latest successful product launch is calcium enriched water targeted at aged care facilities and nursing homes for women at risk of osteoporosis, a bone degeneration disease. 2. Fountain Springs Pty Limited Fountain Springs is a Sydney based company that has access to a naturally rising spring located in the Snowy Mountains in southern New South Wales. To date, the company has been unable to secure distribution and shelf space in major Australian retail outlets. This is because its product range is limited to only two pack sizes, 600ml and 2 litres. An export strategy was therefore developed with the assistance of the Australian Trade centering (Austrade). Fountain Springs is now Australias largest exporter of spring water and better known overseas than in Australia.In the past two years, the companys bottled water exports have grown sales revenue significantly, having secured a contract with the major UK superm arket chain Besco. Growth is also expected through its expansion into UK convenience stores and petrol station channels which is planned for later this year. The UK was the first export market for Fountain Springs where it was able to leverage the perception of Australia as clean and natural. Since developing this UK market, the company has also been successful in developing business in the Middle East, South East Asia and the United States.Given the cost of transport to these export markets, Fountain Springs has a niche strategy and sells only premium grade water in the 600ml and 2 litre pack size at a higher price. However, market research shows that there is still very low consumer awareness of its products and brand in Australia. To raise awareness, a cause-related marketing strategy has been adopted. infra this program, the company donates a percentage of its profits to partner charities in its chosen markets.This has been central to the growing market awareness of the company in its selected markets. It leverages the networks and relationships of its partners to develop new business and sales. As a result of the companys success in overseas markets their brand Aqua Caliente is now being stocked in selected school canteens in Australia as a natural alternative to sugar laden CSDs and fruit juices. Given Fountain Springs did not have the capability to distribute directly to schools, it entered a distribution arrangement with a school food provider.The company also altered its cause-related marketing strategy whereby it would donate a equilibrium of all bottled water sales in each canteen to the school. The money was to be used by the schools to purchase new equipment or facilities for the school. Despite the success of its export strategy, the company has had mixed financial results over the past few years. This has been largely due to set up costs associated with its export business and distribution arrangements in the UK. It is rumoured that the compan y is in financial difficulty.Rumours abound that bankers have been requesting monthly audits of the cash position so that the company can maintain its line of credit. In addition, it is believed that its major UK supermarket customer, Besco, is demanding price reductions therefore squeezing margins for the company. Poor hedging of foreign exchange transactions with the companys UK debtors has also contributed to its declining financial position. Page 15 of 21 D. Australian Beverages Limited (ABL) 1. History Australian Beverages Limited (ABL), formerly known as Australian Soft Drinks Limited, commenced operations in 1937.The antecedent company was established by a group of enterprising pharmacists who had previously made carbonated soft drinks in their pharmacies which were then offered for sale in sealed bottles. The first manufacturing plant opened in Sydney in 1938. Business began slowly, but the arrival of American soldiers in Australia in 1942 had a significant impact on both sa les and market acceptance of carbonated soft drinks. Australian Soft Drinks initiated its move into non-carbonated soft drink beverages in 1984 when it began manufacturing fruit drinks. This followed the acquisition of a fruit juice manufacturer in Victoria.The fruit drinks business expanded nationally over the next 10 years. In 1990, Australia Soft Drinks entered the milk drink market with the purchase of manufacturing facilities from a dairy co-operative. The company officially changed its name to Australian Beverages Limited upon listing on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) in 1996, to reflect the broader beverage base of the business. In the years since its ASX listing, ABL has adopted a multi-beverage strategy wherein its product range has been expanded to cover all categories of the non-alcoholic beverage market.However, bottled water the Great Compromiser outside this product range. The company has also moved into the manufacture and distribution of snack food products thr ough its acquisition of several small businesses in 2004. It aims to settle distribution relationships with convenience stores and hospitality channels. These developments have resulted in ABLs revenue composition to change from 90 per cent CSD-based in 2000 to 68 per cent CSD-based in 2009. The aim is to further reduce dependence on CSDs by 2015.ABL intends to increase its market share of non-CSD beverage products so that CSDs will represent less than 50 per cent of company revenue as part of its multi-beverage strategy. 2. Business strategy ABLs vision is To satisfy Australias thirst by being a manufacturer of non-alcoholic beverages for every occasion in every location. The company aims to achieve this vision by pursuing the following strategic goals for the 2007 to 2012 period ? offer a wide range of products in the non-alcoholic beverage and complementary markets ? grow the companys share of the non-alcoholic beverage market to move from the second largest to the argest compet itor in this market. This goal will be achieved by ? offering a wider range of products ? increasing per capita consumption of non-alcoholic beverages through product and packaging innovation ? expansion into new non-CSD beverage categories ? extend key customer relationship capabilities and grow product availability. This goal will be achieved through effective placement of refrigerate drink equipment and outlet expansion. This strategy would help the company to establish a major presence in all major non-alcoholic beverage distribution channels ? aintain world best practices throughout the companys operations to deliver cost discipline, low cost leadership and timely responsiveness to changing market demand and ? ensure that the companys operations are environmentally and economically sustainable. At a recent strategy presentation to market analysts, managing director, Tom Dwyer, outlined the companys intention to be a major competitor in all categories of the non-alcoholic bevera ge market. He stated that ABL hopes to achieve this aim by being the supplier of choice for the distribution channels of supermarkets, convenience stores and hospitality outlets.It is hoped that ABLs position in the snack food market, which it recently entered via acquisition, would be made stronger by another potential acquisition in line with the general consolidation already taking place in the food and beverage supply industry in Australia. Such an acquisition would add further breadth to the companys total product offering to its customers in all major distribution channels. Of all the competitors, ABL would provide the greatest share of beverage and snack foods. Page 16 of 21By offering a broader product range, ABL expects to leverage its market power in soft drinks to sales of related products. It also aims to control product supply, apply discounts, introduce loyalty rebates or promotions, and secure conditions of use on supplied refrigeration equipment. As more Australians now drink different beverages at different times of the day, Dwyer highlighted his belief that a modern beverage company needs to be highly flexible in manufacturing, distribution and marketing as well as be able to operate in all product areas. 3.Business operations ABL is currently the second largest competitor in t

After failing

Europe was needed as an ally because if Lincoln had dated that he wanted the abolishment of all slavery in all territories then Europe would have joined the war which have resulted in a some(prenominal) more complicated situation, meaning the North would have lost. The Union war effort wanted not only to include reunification but too to abolish slavery. To achieve this so called emancipation the Union was forced to invade the South and take over their lands. Unable to use limited war play for victories, the North needed to take more drastic measures to ensure victory.After failing to cake the lead in the war, the decision to use total war was oblige by taking on the goal of eliminating slavery. Knowing the slaves were crucial to their way of life, the North used this fault as motive for the spirit of the war. The war effort was organism promoted throughout the North as it became more than just a war to preserve the nation. The attack on the Confederate way of life allowed the No rth to bang up the economic framework oftener opponents. 2.Careful Union diplomacy managed the Civil War crisis with Britain and need British flirtations with the Confederacy by providing cautious tactics on traffic with the, at the time, easily provoked 3. The primary military strategies of each side were that the Confederacy could fight defensively behind the interior lines, the South had an advantage in morale, they had the most talented officers including General Robert E. Lee himself, and that Southerners seemed always prepared to fight. The Norths great strength in the Economy made up for the Souths great lack in that area.The North had about three-fourths of the nations wealth and three-fourths of the railroads. They had control over the sea which was a huge advantage because they were able to cut off Southern supplies and crush the Southern morale. Their sea power also enabled them to exchange big grain quantities for munitions and supplies from Europe. The North also had the vast majority Of the men with a tribe Of 22 million to 9 million in the seceding States. Each side attempted to carry them out by using each one of their advantages o the best of their abilities throughout the Civil War.

Movie Tsotsi Role in Society Essay

In the beginning of the movie Tsotsi role in society is the crewster. Him and his gang lurk around the urban landing field of South Africa looking for people to mug. In this movie you can see how his sub-culture has a effect on him also the conflict theory by Karl Marx and sack up DuBois comes to play. The conflict theory states that Conflict is a part of our progression. It actually causes the multifariousness. The with the main character in this movie is a young man who plays the role of a gangster hiding the fact of his traumatic experience at a young age, when his abusive father killed his mother and kicked the familys dog. This experience changes him and makes him more of a harsh person.Later on him the movie Tsotsi commits a robbery for a womans Mercedes-Benz he takes the lady out of her car and shoots her then takes hit with the car. What he didnt expect was the lady had her baby in the back seat of the car. When he realizes the baby in the back seat of the car he follow s a woman with child home and forces her at gunpoint to feed the child.This might sound like a very hostile act to nearly but why would a gangster put a gun to a woman to feed a child that is not his. This shows a change in his way of thinking because now he is thinking of another life other than his. Then he goes back to the house where the baby lives with his gang as an attempt of robbery but in actuality he is going to get the babies bag from his room.Now he goes back to the lady for the lady that he put at gunpoint to feed the child for another feeding and she realizes that the baby is stolen and tells him to give the baby back he already took the womans legs at least give her back her child and he listens.Now you can see how the conflict theory comes to play he changes from a gangster to a father of a stolen baby now hes listen to a woman he hardly even knows to do whats right for that childs life. He leaves is counterculture (gang) and does the right thing knowing that he wil l be going to jail for kidnapping, car theft and attempt murder.

Panera Bread Case Analysis

Panera popsicle Company is a leader in the easy casual eatery industry with multiple caf-bakeries located in 36 states, of the United States. Panera operates under the banner of Panera and Saint Louis Bread Company. Almost 400 of its 1,027 bakeries are company-operated and the remainders are franchisees.Panera Breads core competencies are in their market niche, offering a premium specialty bakery and caf experience to suburban and urban residents. Peneras focalize is offering their customers with better than their rivals, making the dining experience so attractive to their customers will pass up their competitors in outlets of other easy casual restaurants to eat at the nearest Panera BreadA strategic issues is substitutes and threats of substitutes in Penear Bread Companys distinctive competencies, their menu. Peneras menu is being substituted by freshly rivals. New restaurant chains, in fast-casual and other categories are becoming more competitively fierce and are drawing cust omers by imitating Paneras menus at a lower cost.To address this strategic issue, I recommend Panera to employ an offensive strategy to increase sales during prime times such as luncheon and dinner, continue to be more innovative by implementing in-depth surveys to customers, employees, via text messages, e-mails, etc., and execute a plan for managers to manage by walking around (MBWA) communicating and listen to employees and customers. Example, this technique has worked successfully for companies like Wal-Mart who have been very successful in using the (MBWA) strategy. This will draw and boost their customer base giving them a sustainable competitive advantage.

American History. The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade

Think piece 1 I choose to answer the second topic. the dehumanizing forces of the transatlantic slave trade The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade was considered the most abominable and cruel force of slavery, during the trade, the way of obtaining the slave is dehumanizing, if we were to conclude the dehumanizing force in merely cardinal word, it would be the minimum diet, clothing, and shelter was given to those slaves who survived the Middle-Passage, and the maximum amount of work was expected of them.The first challenge was on their homeland, they were towed into a forest where no virtuoso can see them, then people who work for the capitalist beat the person to faint, and then they were chained together and escorted to the small boat which will target them to the slave boat. After that, when they were on boat, they were put on the lower cabin like cargos, there was almost no room to breathe or assume a turn.And the food is terrible as well, the slaves can only get food once or at m ost twice a day, and the food is at most one-spoon full and the taste is awful. Slaves also have no bowls or spoons to eat they ate with their bare dirty hands. What is more horrible is that ships often run out of food or sometimes there is infectious disease on board, then the slaves who is extra will be impel into the sea with a bag of heavy rock tied in the beginning. Thus the survival rate during the transportation is extremely low the fall is only 13% or so.The first reason why that method is employed is that slaves were better used to the tropical weather than the capitalist, what is more, their physical building is tough and the number of slaves is much more than the solders on the ship. If they were inured like a human, whom they can get sufficient food and shelter, there might be a revolution which may put those capitalist into peculiar situation. And at second, the slaves were considered property instead of human in the mind of those capitalists, thus they will not be treated like human.Despite all those horrible conditions and treatments, black people formed a strong culture tie between one and another to stay their rebellion force. The culture they formed is fusion of their own cultures with that of the white colonists, and the culture varies from country to country, region to region across the Americas. Although the slaves were captured from the same kingdoms, for instance, Louisiana is vastly incompatible from that in Haiti or in Brazil. The differences were due to the differing conditions of slavery and the different input from whites in those places.

Swing vs Steady

Swing vs simmer down a)Swing gross gross revenue 5000 Price per unit $10 changeable Cost per unit $2. 5 Fixed Cost $35000 Current realise $ 2500 sweet Price per supererogatory unit 0 New Contribution Margin = New Price per unit Variable cost per unit =$8. 5-$2. 5 =$6 New Sales unit 40% additional sales= 5000*40%= 2000 additional profit 40% additional Sales = Additional Sales* New Contribution Margin =2000*6 =$12000 New Sales unit 20% additional sales= 5000*20%= 1000 Additional profit 20% additional Sales = Additional Sales* New Contribution Margin =1000*6 =$6000 Steady Sales 5000 Price per unit $10 Variable Cost per unit $5. Fixed Cost $35000 Current Profit $ 2500 New Price per additional unit $8. 5 New Contribution Margin = New Price per unit Variable cost per unit =$8. 5-$5. 5 =$3 New Sales unit 40% additional sales= 5000*40%= 2000 Additional profit 40% additional Sales = Additional Sales* New Contribution Margin =2000*3 =$6000 New Sales unit 20% additional sales= 5000*2 0%= 1000 Additional profit 20% additional Sales = Additional Sales* New Contribution Margin =1000*3 =$3000 Both the companies should enter the market as they are realizing additional profits by charging a lower price for the new market. )Swing ? P =-1. 5 CM= Price- Variable Cost= $10-$2. 5 =$7. 5 % Break-even sales change= -? P/(CM + ? P) = 1. 5/(7. 5-1. 5) = 25% % Break-even sales change in units =5000*25% =1250 Total Break-even sales=5000+1250= 6250 Change in Profit for 40% increase in sales= (Sales change in units- Break-even sales change) * New contribution Margin =(2000-1250)*6 =750*6 =$ 4500 Steady ? P =-1. 5 CM= Price- Variable Cost= $10-$5. 5 =$4. 5 New CM= New Price Variable Cost= 8. 5-5. 5= 3 % Break-even sales change= -? P/(CM + ? P) = 1. 5/(4. 5-1. 5) = 50% % Break-even sales change in units =5000*50% =2500Total Break-even sales=5000+2500= 7500 Change in Profit for 40% increase in sales= (Sales change in units- Break-even sales change) * New contribution Margin =(2000- 2500)*3 =-750*6 =- $1500 The answers differ from the answers in part a because in part a segmentation pricing is used whereas here the price is reduced for the entire product line. The change in the contribution brim for all the products is responsible for the change in profitability. c) Swing is better positioned to take advantage of this opportunity because with a 40% increase in sales at a price of$ 8. per unit, it incurs additional profits of $4500 whereas Steady incurs losses of $1500. If the companies share the market both the companies will have additional sales lower than the break-even sales resulting income lower than their flow rate income. In such a case Steady will suffer far more losses. Low variable costs and thereof lower contribution margins of Swing make the company more profitable in comparison to Steady for the sales of additional units. Since the market cannot be segmented, I would advise Swing to reduce its price and enter the market to acquire 40% additiona l sales.Steady should overlook the new market and continue selling to the current market without changing its price. d) Break even sales change that would change the profits by the same amount as a reduction in price. Initial Contribution Margin= 10-5. 5=4. 5 Reactive breakeven = ? P/Initial CM =-1. 5/4. 5=- 33. 33% Thus a sales reduction of 33. 33% percent at initial price of $10 is equivalent to losses brought about by a price reduction of 1. 5. Steadys management believes that a price of $10 after Swings reduction to $8. 5 would have brought about 60% reduction in Steadys sales. Since 33. 33%

Does Patriotism Still Matter?

Does patriotism still Matter? Ah You ask me, Does patriotism still liaison? good of course patriotism still matters When you think of all of the love you receive for yourself, shouldnt you turn over that similar love to your country? I could definitely dig out a few explanations. salutary first of all, without patriotism we wouldnt have peace or stability. A good supportive founding wouldnt hurt, but bring healing to our soldiers who risk their lives to sacrifice themselves for the love, or patriotism, for their country.Also, during a present war, without patriotism, what is leave in this world to support Pretty much everything that our world is revolving around is war. Lastly, the peace and stability for onenesss country is provided by their citizens who show their true patriotism. Second of all, a country without patriotism is worry a dog without an owner. When a pup is hungry, an owners duty is to supply it, right? Well its the same with a country, because when a country is empty for patriotism its our duty to feed it with patriotism What kind of a country would it be without the symbol of patriotism?We would be a pasture On top of that, countries are supposed to be united Patriotism keeps countries together like a family. Being patriotic helps us recollect those who have unconnected their lives battling and fighting for the rights we own today. Just think, What if I had family who fought and lost their life fighting for me? Think back in history, even during the civil war when to regions of the U. S. were bludgeoning from each one other for the right of freedom of slavery. One of the most famous Generals, Stonewall Jackson, was killed fighting for his region.Patriotism is what held him up to draw up to his death. He was confident and patriotism motivated him. Or what about Major General Howe who lost his life in the Battle of Bunker Hill? He also was physically and emotionally motivated by patriotism. Okay, I think that I have specified my h ypothesis. The answer to the question, is patriotism still important, is strictly, yes Patriotism plays a major role in modern society and is one of the main components in our policy-making office. All I know is, I love my country like hot fudge on ice cream