The Unvanquished Essay Example for Free

The Unvanquished EssayTwo of the women from this novel deserve utmost respect. Granny and Drusilla took matters into their experience hands, and are an inspiration to many women who read this novel. Strong women like them were unusual during this time period. Granny and Drusilla are in no way picture-perfect s come forwardhern belles, save they took what they had at the time and the experience that was retrovertn to them and represented true southern women. Granny was a strong woman of this period she understood how things worked, and was smart fair to middling to know how to manipulate things to her advantage. Bayard Sartoris, what did you say? We killed him Granny Then she express, Quick Here and then Ringo and I were squatted with our knees under our chins, on either side of her against her kneesher skirts spread all over us like a tentYou are mistaken, she give tongue to, There are no children here. ) Faulkner 30-31 This is a shorten version of the quote. The scena rio is when Bayard and Ringo shoot at the Yankee pass on a sawbuck. They hit the horse instead of the man, though they are unaware of this fact. They run home shrieking at Granny to help them, so she has them hide underneath her skirt.The soldier comes in then the Colonel comes in. The whole situation puts Granny in a bad position, because shes a good, southern, God fearing woman, and the altogether way out of this predicament is to lie to the Yankee Colonel who comes in after Bayard and Ringo. Both Granny and the Colonel know there Bayard and Ringo are, except a gentleman doesnt ask a lady to get up like that without good cause. Granny knew she could play this to her advantage. Granny sits there completely poker-faced and flat out tells him there are no children. The coronel simply jokes about the children and leaves.This is just one example of how Granny took a problem into her own hands and took care of it, with no man needed. She didnt know who was going to be coming through those doors, it could have been dangerous however, she handled the situation with grace and elegance, never skipping a beat. Granny showed coarse responsibility and resolution when she had the idea to use the money and slaves to get mules from the Yankees. She turned the original mix-up into a smuggling business she showed true genius in a time of real need. Ten chests tied with hemp rope,a hundred and ten mulesGet what we got.Hurry. He turned to Granny. The general said to give you another hundred with his compliments Faulkner 88-89 Again, another abbreviated lengthy quote. Whats happening here is Granny never got her exact box of silver grey back, but she was reimbursed for the silver. The Yankee in command gave her a slip with an order for a large amount of mules. When Granny and Ringo go to get them, the soldier they accost to doesnt understand, and gets the entire transaction mixed up. Granny turned this unexpected occurrence into a blessing and opportunity to turn a profi t and give the mules to the townspeople.Most of what originally occurred was a miscommunication however, Granny and Ringo simultaneously recognized what was happening and took advantage of it. The man counted the mules we didnt unvoicedly moveForty-seven will do, said Ringo and then all of a sudden she took her hand away from her chest it had the paper in it she held it out to the lieutenant without saying a word. Faulkner 91-93 Granny had the courage to risk getting caught, and continued to play the same con numerous times after, forging the note each time.She was a woman an older woman at that, but she desperately wanted to somehow make a contribution to the war effort and also help out the community as best she could. The war devastated the south, and changed many things. If she could somehow right some of the wrongs that had been done to the people, while at the same time hindering the Yankees, it could be a pervert toward putting things back the way they were. Because Granny had been around as long as she had, she was a huge believer in tradition. She was stubbornly trying to support a community and take care of them, much like a mother takes care of her family.Many people enjoy discussing Drusilla, due to her unusual manner and intrigue of the character. Drusilla wasnt the average run-of-the-mill housewife she had hopes and aspirations goals and a set agenda. She didnt wait around for a man to help her if she wanted something done, she did it herself. This horse? Cousin Denny said. Aint no damn Yankee going to fool with Drus horse no to a greater extent. He didnt holler now, but pretty soon he began again When they come to burn the house, Dru grabbed the pistol and rum out here-she had on her Sunday dress-and them right behind her.She run in here and she jumped on Bobolink bareback, without even waiting for the bridle, and one of them right there in the doorway hollering, Stop, and Dru said, get away, or Ill gull you down too and Dru leaned down into Bobolinks ear and said, Kill him, Bob Faulkner 74 Drusilla didnt stop to think of her own safety, or to wait for a man to whole tone forward and assist she acted out of courage and loyalty and attacked the men head on, knowing they were men and most likely stronger and better fighters. Drusilla portrays a strong, independent woman, with feministic qualities.Drusilla is a symbol of what is to come she symbolizes strong women fighting for themselves, equality, and recognition. She had on pants like a man Faulkner 73 Her hair was cut short it looked like fathers would She was sunbatheburned and her hands were hard and scratched like a mans that works would. Faulkner 75 It is apparent in other parts of the book that Drusilla didnt perpetually dress in a masculine fashion when she was engaged to Gavin Breckbridge, she wore dresses and would have most likely lived out a stereotypical southern bell life, contemptible of remembrance.By this point in the book however, we find Drusil la to be dressing like a man and attempting to take on more responsibilities and be more useful to the war effort. She commissioned herself to engage in manual labor, causing one sign of being a southern belle (soft smooth hands) to fade. Working hard was also a part of her own unique chivalric code of honor she took on, further distancing herself from her old life. High society women could afford to be shaded from the sun at all times thus never resulting in sunburn.Poor whites were generally associated with having tan skin, while rich white women had fair porcelain skin-also a present the segregation between poor people and wealthy people, as well as slaves. In the case of Drusilla being sunburned, its another segregating aspect allowing her to do a more equal atmosphere at which to fit into. Her unintentional idea was to appear less feminine also creating a physical freeness at which she can move around and work more easily.Indirectly she also wanted to draw less attention to h erself. She got the opposite effect her change in appearance caused her to stand out as a new kind of person a strong woman, purposefully surviving without a man. In this lancinating novel, so many different interpretations can be read from its intricately woven plot. These two women, Granny and Drusilla, went through quite a few trials and tribulations to bring forth the much-respected women they were in the end. (Word count 1,393)

A View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View from the Bridge EssayCatherines response is immediate denial and pain at his allegation. She sobs, demanding that he stops as they enter the house. This scene is a turning point in their relationship. For the first time, Catherine is defying Eddies superiority, choosing instead not to believe his claims. beingness in a serious relationship, she has begun to grow apart from Eddie and not depend on him as much, which in turn upsets Eddie, who attempts to regain her adoration.Though in the past, Catherine whitethorn have trusted Eddies impeachments, her defiance is an act of choosing Rodolpho over Eddie, illustrating her shift from a child to a woman. For the remainder of Act One, Catherine continues to mature through her relationship with Rodolpho, causation her interactions with Eddie to become exceedingly stilted and tense. During this period, Catherine portrays her giveingness to cooperate when Eddie makes the effort. Catherine becomes nervously happy when Eddie invi tes Marco and Rodolpho to watch a fight.She asks Eddie if she should make coffee, aiming to please him for his attempts to make peace with Rodolpho. After Eddie lands a blow on Rodolpho, Catherine begins to realize that the previous invitation was merely a ruse, and thus acts audaciously, discreetly challenging him by dancing with Rodolpho. Act Two begins with a word of honor between Catherine and Rodolpho. Catherine confesses her fear of Eddie, a dramatic adverse to her initial loving attitude.When Eddie arrives home obviously drunk and demands that Rodolpho packs it up, Catherine announces that she too, will leave, causing Eddie to erupt in fury at her support for Rodolpho. This further hinders their relationship and Catherines finality is yet another act of defiance. Though Catherine is not outrightly furious, she portrays an air of resignation that simply illustrates her will to be with Rodolpho, including choosing him over Eddie. She still loves and accepts Eddie, however her love for Rodolpho is greater.After Eddie informs the authorities of illegal immigrants, Catherines demeanor changes yet again to complete abhorrence. On the day of her wedding, Eddie gives Beatrice an ultimatum, to be on his side or their side. At this, Catherine loses her temper and insults Eddie, comparing him to a rat that belongs in the sewer. Though her words are bellicose and callous, Catherine weeps as she says such, illustrating her upset at the way in which their relationship, among other factors, turned out.Catherine tells Eddie, after he has been stabbed that she never meant to hurt him, imploring him to understand her situation sooner his demise. This conveys that although she may have matured and become her own person, Eddie will still always remain a key influence in her life. Throughout A View from the Bridge, Catherines relationship with Eddie seems to digress rather than develop, as she grows and appreciates love. However, underlying their tension and her need for independence, Catherine is portrayed as always desiring Eddies approval.Initially, this is very obvious, but is still plain when Eddie makes an effort to include Rodolpho, and yet again at the end of the performance, when she begs Eddie to comprehend her perceptions. Though Catherine is less apparent of her love for Eddie, she continues to love him, and crave his love for her. arrangement preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Meaning Of Voting Behaviour Politics Essay

Meaning Of Voting Behaviour Politics EssayHuman actions, such as suffrage in a elective election, atomic number 18 extremely complex phenomenon and depend on a variety of social and mental factors. Voting in elections is the most obvious and direct way in which a whole population underside affect government, sort of heap revolution.2Voting is the most distinguishing imperative stuff that a citizen can do to advert sure that the government operates in the way it is in extended and guaranteed that their policy-making way of life be heard by the countrys governmental system. Therefore, it is the main form of policy-making pull up stakesicipation in liberal democratic societies and the get hold of of voting conduct is a highly specialized sub-field within political science. Voting has become approximately a universal means by which privates make collective decisions.3Meaning of Voting BehaviourThe word voting is non a new concept. In antique Greece, voting was not much f or elections to offices, which were packed on the jury principles of arbitrary selection. But it was used for decisions on propositions put before democratic assembly, on the fate of single(a)s.4In contemporary democratic arrangement, voting is a method of expressing the approval or disapproval of the policies, programmes and decisions of the administrative authority. Quoting Oriavwote, (2000), S.K. Balogun and P.O. Olapegba writesVoting thus, is a means of aggregating individual preferences into collective decision in an election, the action of formally indicating ones choice of candidate or political troupe at an election.5Voting is the pedestal of the political pyramid in democracy, and that decisions make at the foundation watch the capability to overthrow those at the top. For this reason, voting whitethorn perhaps be looked upon as the basic decision-making passage in a democracy.6It may to a fault describe the process each by which citizens contract candidates for huma n beings office or the formal recording of survey of a group on both subject. In either sense, it is a means of transforming numerous individual opinions into a coherent and collective basis for decision. Voters tend to choose candidates whom they perceived as benefiting them the most and as having a reasonable chance of winning.7That is, voting is a good example of rational choice,8as large part of the electorate takes their voting preference on the establishment of a judgment of how the present government or the incumbent has exaggerated the welfare of the people, and the odds that the tell apart camp would accomplish better.The withdraw of voting conduct started around the 18th century (Jenson, 1969), this early attempts made use of aggregate data analysis that is, utilize actual election returns by geopolitical units e.g., wards, districts etc. (Gosnell, 1930).9Of late, voting behaviour has used to describe, as Samuel J. Eldersveld writes, certain area of study and types o f political phenomena which previously had either not been conceived or were considered irrelevant. It involves an analysis of individual psychological processes ( apprehension, emotion and motivation) and their relation to political actions, as well as institutional patterns, such as the colloquy process and their relate on elections.10As V.O. Key, Jr., and Frank Munger have observed, most voting behaviour of the time is a continuing affirmation of pre-existing political commitments which were forged under the pressure of a major social trauma. Looked at in terms of the party system as a whole, this profound linkage with the past often amounts to a standing decision which is only very infrequently subject to review by any decisively large part of the electorate.11In short, voting behaviour of the populace determines political power in any political system on different scales signifying the intensity of political involvement. heretofore if people are not aware of a personal inv olvement in the electoral decision, they may still be induced to vote by social pressures and inner feelings of social obligation.12Voting behaviour refers to factors that determine the manner in which a particular group of people vote for a particularized political party or candidates that are up for elections. Therefore, voting behaviour as N.G.S. Kini, sums up can be regarded as13(a) a mode of legitimizing democratic rule (b) instancing participation in the political process involving integration into the political community (c) instancing an act of decision-making (d) a role-action involving definite political orientation imbedded in a particular type of political culture or (e) a direct relation of the individual citizens to the formal government.14In fine, the notion of voting behaviour implies the study of voters preferences, alternative, programmes, ideology, etc., on which elections are fought. Among other things, voting behaviour helps to arrive to a decision which offici al are chosen to run our governments, the multiplicity of parties that voters have to choose from at the polls, how many citizens will turn out to vote, who will or will not be represented in our legislatures, and whether the majority will rule. It has a thoughtful consequence not only on the process of elections, but also on the degree to which a political system is fair, representative, and democratic. Therefore, it lies at the center field of democratic process and are an expression of popular will.Factors change Voting BehaviourVoting behaviour is rather a complex and multi-faceted subject. Diverse factors that control two political and non-political have an effect on it. Its determinants are vast and wide-ranging, and differ from one person to another to a substantial degree. Voting behaviour is determined by the political attitudes, assumptions, policy preferences, and partisan loyalties of individuals and the political and institutional context within which they cast thei r votes in an election.15Thus, at that place are a numbers pool of indicators affecting voters choice as one of the early pioneers of electoral studies in India, V.M. Sirsikar, observes, an enquiry into the process of election indicates factors other than rationality.16. The assessment of voting pattern consistently focuses on the determinants of why people vote as they do and how they arrive at the decisions they make. Most attention has been, however, to the behaviour of the mass electorate.17A variety of research on the study of voting behaviour has identified two major types of factors, which can be broadly categorized as sociological (demographic, social, and economic attributes) and psychological (politically relevant attitudes, beliefs and values).18The comparative political science literature recognizes that certain variables such as education19income and unemployment20importance of party support or attachment21perception of issues22ideology and issues23partisanship24eval uation of leaders or the top candidates25etc., have generally been found to associate with voting behaviour of the electorate. Some of the selected predicators of voting behaviour for this study are analyzed as followsSociological factorsGender The analysis of sex is an authorized indicator of voting behaviour. Women voters tend to be more variation about their intention to vote as also in the voting act itself than the male voters.26However, the commitment is more to candidate then to party both to males and females. Village consensus and advice of village headman work more with female voters than with male voters, while the merit of the candidates attracts more males than females.27Sex provides a base for diversity where modernity is a significant issue, since in most societies womens role are more involved in religious institutions and less in modern economic ones. Consequently, where there is a difference amid the voting pattern of the two sexes, women tend to support tradit ionalist parties more than modernising ones.28Nonetheless, since the focus of the study is on a comparatively traditionalistic attitude where gender issues still predominates,29it seemed good to retain gender as a determinant of voting behaviour.Kinship Kinship is a alliance between any entities that share a genealogical origin, through either biological or cultural, or historical descent.30In a kinship establish society, kinship provides many of the social relations in which a person is believably to be involved in the course of his life.31It is a strategy potency determining political behaviour of the people and influencing their thought process.32Strong kinship and village loyalties affect many a choice, the family or the wife voting as father or husband suggests, and the village casting its vote according to the advice of the head-man or influential elder.33Despite the traditional claim that each voter is an individual who makes up his own mind, social groups pressures limit choices sharply, and are highly significant determinants of individual voting patterns.34Kins and clan would, of course, be used to campaign for one or the other candidate and votes would be sought by identifying a candidate as a peasant, a worker and the like.35Age Age has often been expound as one of the leading indicators of voting behaviour, though it is difficult to treat as an independent variable. As Alan R. Ball has pointed out, age is a complex variable. In common parlance, older citizens tend to vote for conservative parties but this may be simple reflections of the historical period when the electors voting habits were being formed. Age may be less primary(prenominal) than the strength of the voters attachment to a political party, and it is this allegiance that hardens with age.36However the relationship between age and voting is curvilinear, with a dull increasing in the mid-age group and declining thereafter. nonetheless, it is the candidate orientation which domina tes in all the age groups.37Education Over the years, education has emerged as one of the major predicators of voting. Educations broaden the political visualization and expands the horizon of ones relate in the political process. It enables the individual to develop the skill for political participation.38The electorate having more years of formal education has the great probability of exercising their franchise in any election.Economic Factors The economic status of the electorate is an important indicator of voting behaviour. Though it is often considered as non-existent impact on voting, economic factors play an important role in shaping voting behaviour of the electorate as Arivind Virmani points outAn improvement (or) worsening of economic conditions can increase (or) decrease the probability of voting for the party perceived to be responsible for the change. Further, the independent or floating voter is more promising to be affected by economic conditions than voters comm itted to a particular party for social, caste, religious and cultural reasons.39 However, as Wolfinger and Rosenstones findings indicated, the likelihood of voting may not be a linear function of income.40The anchor difference seems to be the unpleasant variation among those of high-income groups and low-income groups. The most distinguishing factors in election are vote bribing which is open-secret which reflect a clash between traditional economic ties and changing cultural pressure.41Poor voters are reported to have received money offered by various candidates. res publica-supported Employment Along with education and economic status, occupation appears to exert a great effect on voting behaviour. Public officials tend to take great interest in voting and are usually votes for the party which is likely to address their interest. Even farmers, who are conventionally viewed as being uncommonly likely to abstain from voting,42have become much less distinctive in this regard.43Stu dies have also revealed that government workers of all types tend to take an unusual interest in political matters and are unlikely to vote in the election.44Psychological FactorsInterest in Public Affairs Those voters who have interest in public affairs and who follows the news of the present day situation are likely voters in any election. This is because of the fact that such voters are very much furbish up with the affairs of states policies and programme. On the contrary, there are some who take minimal interest in such affairs and are unlikely voters. Many voters made explicit references to specific issue concerns, whereas others spoke in more global terms about parties, leaders or local candidates without elaborating their reasoning in any detail.45Strength and Direction of Party loyalty Voting behaviour is more easily explained by speech patterning party loyalty.46Some party men are likely to vote in elections than others as different parties may draw their members from di fferent social base which reflects the weakness and the strength of the party. However, in India, people do not hesitate to shift their votes from one party to another as parties identities are not very strong. If party loyalty is taken as one of the key indexes of political considerations, it may be assumed that the parties play a marginal role in determining the preference of the voters.47Though party loyalty is an important indicator of voting behaviour, it is often determined by other factors like social class, economic position or ethnic affiliation.48Perceived difference between Parties In any election, if there is a clear-cut difference of ideologies between the contesting parties, the electorates are more likely to exercise their franchise. If the parties and the candidates are same and not blue to distinguish from each other, then there will be a little point in electoral participation. As Habib and Naidu (2006) observesConventional wisdom suggests that workers and poorer classes in society would support parties to the left of the political spectrum, while the middle class and more affluent strata would support parties on the right. The reasons are obvious. While the former have a material interest in fundamentally changing the political and socio-economic arrangements of society, the latter prefer the status quo.49Recent research, however, has emphasized party de-alignment.50Ideology could be said to be present only in terms of accent on social justice, involving considerable overlap and neutralization among parties which vied in usurping each others ideologic planks.51Therefore, people are most unlikely to vote in the election where there are no ideological differences.Charisma of the Candidate Role of disposition in influencing the electoral behaviour cannot be refuted, Charisma refers to mean a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is bent-grass apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural or e xceptional powers or qualities.52Moreover it is this quality of the leader which enables him to attract a large number of people and under the influence of which the people pay reverence to the charismatic leader. Therefore, there is a strong belief that organisation of political party under a charismatic leader is a source of popular support for the party.Pubic Opinion and Mass Media Pubic opinion and mass media has, of late, become an important indicator of voting behaviour. Public opinion refers to the attitudes of a significant number of people about public affairs, or matters of government and politics that concern the people at large. It is one not of advocacy of any particular policy, subject or topic, but of the provider of both objective and intrinsic information, obtained systematically and objectively, analysed dispassionately and delivered evenly.53The latter has the capacity to bring matters to the attention of the public or to conceal them. This is usually referred t o as agenda setting.54While the media may push aside certain topics or exaggerate others, the public also has an enormous capacity for being highly selective in what to take interest in.55In the pages that follow, we shall experiment these sociological and psychological factors on the voting behaviour of the electors in the constituency under study.Voting Behaviour in ManipurThe most interesting questions about an election are not concerned with who won but with such questions as why people voted the way that they did or what the implications of the essences are. These questions are not always easily answered. A glance only at the campaign events and incidents will not suffice. The unique aspects of the election must be blended with a more general pinch of electoral behavior to create a full explanation.Since the introduction of participatory democracy in Manipur under the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1948, attempts have been made to study the nature of voting behaviour in Ma nipur. There has been some imprecise handling of the topic in the study of electoral politics,56political participation,57social and political change,58socio-political study59and that research on the study of voting behaviour had also been undertaken both at the state60and constituency level.61They found that party ideology, ethnicity, role of money, caste, religion, personalities of the candidates, etc., were the main factors affecting voting behaviour in Manipur. As S.K. Chaube notes that in Manipur voters not only attach importance to party levels but also to status and personalities of the candidates.62However, some scholars emphasis on caste as a factor of voting behaviour in Manipur,63though there is absence of caste system in Manipur.64In the hills, ethnic loyalties play an important role as factor in voting decision.65The tribalism and ethnicity have become more intense as a result of the introduction of adult franchise.66Electoral politics has significantly given rise to in ter-group conflicts in north-east and this is also affecting the democratic values and tradition of the tribals.67In addition to ethnicity, money, promise for government jobs, candidates personalities, etc., have also been a major source of influence to the voters in the hills.68In the first and the only election held in Independent Manipur69under the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, the voting behaviour of the electorate was influenced by ideology of the Manipur State Congress party as the party got the highest number of seats. And also the influenced of personality cult was also evident as twelve independents candidates in fray was also elected to the erstwhile Manipur Assembly.70After the merger of Manipur into the Indian confederation in 1948, the first democratic election was held in 1952 under the Constitution of India. In the election, the socio-political movement of the time demanding for a responsible government influenced the electoral behaviour of the voters.71In th e second and third assembly election held in 1957 and 1962 also, the same factors that influenced the election of 1952 were evident. However in 1962 election as R.P. Singh points outin the hills areas, as there were no reserved seats for the schedule tribes, the election were fought on tribal lines. Political parties had sent up only tribals as their candidates except in Jiribam, where half of the voters were non-tribals72In 1967 assembly election of the state, the demand for a full-fledged statehood in the state influenced the voting behaviour of the people.73The electioneering was a quite dapper except in the cease-fire bound northern hills areas where it was restricted to a whisper campaign for fear of underground Nagas who boycott the elections.74After the attainment of statehood in 1972 and in the assembly election that followed, voting behaviour of the electorate was oriented toward parochial regional outlook,75as the performance of the regional political party, MPP in this e lection indicates. However, as a result of political in stability in the state, mid-term election was held in 1974, and in that election the main determinant of voting behaviour was inclusion of Manipur row in the Eighth Schedule, local problems and money factors.76In the assembly election of 1980, money, a strong Indira wave, and the impact of personality of the candidates77in fray played an important role in shaping the vote-choice of the electorate. Also, in the election of 1984, the vote-choice was mainly determined by a strong sympathy wave for the Congress (I) due to the black lotion of Indira Gandhi and the charming personality of Rajiv Gandhi.78However, in the assembly election of 1990, voting behaviour was mainly influenced by the elders or the head of the family to vote for a particular party or candidate79and also the influence of money was found to be associated with the vote-choice of the electorate. In the assembly election of 1995 and 2000, money as a determinant of voting behaviour was considered to be more significant than all other factors.80In the assembly election of 2002, influence of money, personality of the candidates, party loyalty, and local issues facing the state and the respective constituencies was noticed.81The assembly election of 2007 perhaps culminated in the victory of the Indian National Congress (I) and the electoral behaviour of the people was mainly influenced by the stability of the Secular Progressive Front (SPF) government and the various developmental works initiated during the period. The boycott-call given by armed insurgent outfit to the INC during election did not attachment the electoral prospect of the party. The strong personality of the incumbent Chief Minister, Shri Okram Ibobi Singh had profound impact on the voting behaviour of the people.From the above analysis, the voting behaviour of the electorate in Manipur changes from time to time and from one election to another. Various socio-political factors h ad influenced the voting behaviour of the people of the state. The electors of Manipur have exercised their political franchise according to the needs and circumstance of the time for better governance. As Dr. Benjamin Gangmei, sums upthe main determinant of voting behaviour in Manipur includes personality of the candidate, party loyalty, money power, local issues, family influence, election campaign, groupism, election feasting and insurgency.82In the light of th

Corporate Culture Case Study: BMW

Corporate Culture Case Study BMWIntroductionIn the headland of e actu everyy person, emotions, cerebrations and come-at-able actions form a pattern which has developed during his or her childhood. Once rooted in the mind, these patterns must be forgotten before anything natural fecal matter be taught. A common name for these patterns is polish. Culture is important. It is what founds confidence. The concept of culture is broad and abstract but still a crucial burst of every whizz and all(a)s environment and something that can be found anywhere. It takes form in symbols, heroes, rituals and customs. The core, the essence of culture is values. Our sanctioned values ar founded in the beginning of our lives, while as we grow older we endure to focus on consciously learning new customs. The choices we make during this process determine our self-image how we look upon the others.There argon incalculable definitions of the word culture, separately one claiming to be unique. B ut in fact this only goes to show that the concept is far too abstract to be clear defined, Bang states that it signifies what we at every specific moment want it to signify. We see this as the strength of the subject it is what makes it so interesting to study. You can end up anywhere, and there is no right or wrong. Many connect culture with art and theater, but the concept is nowadays far more widespread and can be applied to many an(prenominal) more atomic number 18as, corporations being one of them. A popular and simple definition of the expression embodied culture is made by Deal and KennedyCulture is the way in which we perform something here at ours2The term culture origin whollyy comes from social anthropology. Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century studies of primitive societies-Eskimo, federation Sea, African, Native American-revealed ways of life that were not only different from the more technologically advanced parts of America and Europe but were lots very different among themselves. The concept of culture was thus coined to represent, in a very broad and holistic sense, the qualities of any specific human multitude that ar passed from one generation to the next. The American Heritage Dictionary defines culture, more formally, as the totally of socially transmitted deportment patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought characteristics of a community or population3It is helpful to think that collective culture has two levels, which differ in terms of their visibility and their resistance to counterchange. At the deeper and less app atomic number 18nt level, culture refers to values that are shared by the citizenry in a group and that tend to persist over snip evening when group membership changes. Those notions virtually what is important in life can vary greatly in different companies in some settings people care deeply ab away money, in other about technological innovation or emp loyee well-being. At this level culture can be highly difficult to change, in part because group members are often unaware of many of the values that bind them together.At the more visible level, culture represents the behavior patterns or style of an presidential term that new employees are automatically encouraged to fol first by their fellow employees. We can say, for grammatical case, that people in one group have for divisions been hard workers, those in another are very friendly to strangers, and those in a third always wear very traditionalist clothes. Culture in this sense, is still tough to change, but not nearly as difficult as the level of basic values.Each level of culture has a natural tendency to influence the other. This is perhaps most obvious in terms of shared values influencing a groups behavior-a commitment to nodes, for example, influencing how quickly privates tend to respond to customers complaints. But causality can flow in the other direction too-behav ior and practices can influence values.So, How Do We Define Culture?Culture is a pattern of shared tacit assumptions that was learned by a group as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be geted valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to distinguish, think, and olfactory propertying relation to those problems.4What originally drives daily behavior is the learned, shared, tacit assumptions on which people understructure their view of reality as it is and as it should be. It results in what is popularly thought of as the way we do things rough here, but even the employees in the organization cannot, without help, reconstruct the underlying assumptions on which their daily behavior rests. They know only that this is the way, and they count on it. Life kick the buckets predictable and meaningful. If you understand those assumptions, it is easy to see how they give way to the kind of be havioral.Three Levels of CultureThe biggest danger in trying to understand culture is to oversimplify it. It is tempting to say that culture is just the way we do things around here, the rites and rituals of our social club, the company climate, the reward system, our basic values and so on. These are all manifestations of the culture, but none is the culture at the level where culture matters. A better way to think about culture is to realize that it exists at several levels and that we must understand and manage the deeper levels. The levels of culture go from the very visible to the very tacit and invisible.5ArtifactsVisible organizational structures (hard to decipher)EspousedValuesStrategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications)UnderlyingAssumptions Unconscious, taken for grantedbeliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feeling (ultimate sourceof values and action)Classifying Corporate CultureG.HofstedeHofstede demostrated that there are national and regional cultural group ings that affect the behaviour of organizations.Hofstede identified four characteristics of culture in his study of national influencesPower Distance The degree to which a society expects there to be differences in the levels of power. A high score elicits that there is an expectation that some individuals wield larger amounts of power than others. A low score reflects the view that all people should have equal rights.Uncertainty Avoidance reflects the extent to which a society accepts uncertainty and risk. individualization vs collectivism individualism is contrasted with collectivism, and refers to the extent to which people are expected to stand up for themselves, or alternatively act predominantly as a member of the group or organisation.masculinity vs femininity refers to the value placed on traditionally male or female values. Male values for example include competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition, and the accumulation of wealth and material possessions.Long vs short term orientationDeal and KennedyDeal and Kennedy defined corporate culture as the way things get done around here. They measured organisations in respect ofFeedback quick feedback means an instant response. This could be in monetary terms, but could likewise be seen in other ways, such(prenominal) as the impact of a great save in a soccer match.Risk represents the degree of uncertainty in the organisations activities.Using these parameters, they were able to suggest four classifications of organisational cultureThe Tough Guy Macho Culture. Feedback is quick and the rewards are high. This often applies to fast moving financial activities such as brokerage, but could withal apply to policemen or women, or athletes competing in team diverts. This can be a very stressful culture in which to operate.The Work Hard/ piddle away Hard Culture is characterised by few risks being taken, all with rapid feedback. This is typical in large organisations which strive for high quality customer serv ice. They are often characterised by team meetings, jargon and buzzwords.The Bet your Company Culture, where big stakes decisions are taken, but it may be years before the results are known. Typically, these might involve development or exploration projects, which take years to come to fruition, such as could be expected with oil exploration or aviation.The Process Culture occurs in organisations where there is little or no feedback. People become bogged down with how things are done not with what is to be achieved. This is often associated with bureaucracies. Whilst it is easy to criticise these cultures for being over cautious or bogged down in red tape, they do produce consistent results, which is ideal in, for example, public services.Charles adroitHandy (1985) popularised a method of looking at culture which some scholars have used to link organizational structure to Organizational Culture. He descibesa Power Culture which concentrates power in a few pairs of hands. Control r adiates from the effect like a web. Power Cultures have few rules and little bureaucracy swift decisions can ensue.In a Role Culture, people have clearly delegated authorities deep down a highly defined structure. Typically, these organisations form hierarchical bureaucracies. Power derives from a persons opinion and little scope exists for expert power.By contrast, in a Task Culture, teams form to solve particular problems. Power derives from expertness so long as a team requires expertise. These cultures often feature the multiple reporting lines of a matrix structure.A Person Culture exists where all individuals believe themselves superior to the organisation. Survival can become difficult for such organisations, since the concept of an organisation suggests that a group of like-minded individuals pursue the organisational goals. Some captain partnerships can operate as person cultures, because each partner occupys a peculiar expertise and clientele to the firm.Elements of the corporate cultureThe Paradigm What the organization is about what it does its mission its values.Control Systems The processes in place to monitor what is going on. Role cultures would have vast rule books. There would be more reliance on individualism in a power culture.Organizational Structures Reporting lines, hierarchies, and the way that work flows through the business.Power Structures Who makes the decisions, how widely spread is power, and on what is power base?Symbols These include the logos and designs, but would extend to symbols of power, such as car parking spaces and executive washroomsRituals and Routines perplexity meetings, board reports and so on may become more habitual than necessary.Stories and Myths build up about people and events, and convey a message about what is treasured within the organization.These elements may overlap. Power structures may depend on control systems, which may exploit the very rituals that generate stories.Selecting a CompanyI dec ided to focus my research on the BMW chemical group ,because it is a one of the worlds top automobile manufacturers with long history of succeederful technological achievements and thousands of employees and I believe ,it will be a great example for a supremacyful corporate culture. The company produces cycles and engines, as well and it also own and produces the Mini brand and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. As one of the great car manufacturers with subsidiaries on each continent and since the automobile industry has been strongly influenced by the social environment, I believe that studying the BMW class corporate culture is an effective means for understanding the corporate cultures of European companies. To present the BMW group corporate culture ,I will analyze how the BMW corporate culture whole shebang and what are its core values.BMW Group OverviewBMW HistoryBMW is an acronym for Bayerische Motoren Werke AG- or, in English, Bavarian Motor Works6. What ever you call it, the German-based company is one of the worlds most respected automakers, historied for crafting luxury cars and SUVs that offer superior levels of driving enjoyment. Founded in Munich, the company began in the early 1910s as an aircraft manufacturer. BMWs circulating(prenominal) logo, designed to represent white propeller blades against a blue sky, reflects these origins its blue-and-white color scheme also references Bavarias blue-and-white checkered flag.It wasnt until 1928 that production began on the first BMW automobile, the Dixi. The car proved tremendously popular, and its success helped the manufacturer weather the Depression. BMWs scoop out-known pre-World War II vehicle was the Type 328 roadster, a supple two-seater that racked up over 120 victories on the motorsport circuit between 1936 and 1940. Postwar BMW cars maintained this tradition, winning several racing, rallying and hill climb victories.The early 1950s maxim the launch of the BMW 501, a roo my, voluptuous sedan that was resplendent with all of the hopefulness of that era. It was shortly followed by the 502 which was power by the worlds first light-alloy V8, foreshadowing BMWs ongoing commitment to developing new technology. The best-selling BMW of that decade was the Isetta, a petite two-seat microcar typically powered by a 12- or 13-horsepower engine. The mid-50s also saw the debut of the limited production and breathtakingly beautiful 507 sports car which had an alloy body and used the 502s V8 for propulsion. In the 1960s, BMW gross revenue strengthened significantly, thanks in part to the immense popularity of the 1500, a sporty family sedan. 7By the 1970s, BMW was establishing itself as a full-fledged car company. It was a pioneer for many emerging technologies, including turbocharging and advanced vehicle electronics. BMW of North America was established at this time, and consumers who coveted both sports and luxury cars became loyal Bimmer owners. The 70s also s aw the birth of BMWs three-tier sport sedan range consisting of the compact 3 serial publication, midsize 5 Series and large 7 Series cars and the creation of its performance M division. Though the 3 Series could be had with four-cylinder power, it was the companys inline-6 engines that developed BMWs reputation for spirited, yet highly refined performance. At decades end, the limited-production, short-lived M1 supercar debuted.Throughout the 1980s, BMW became the unofficial poster car of yuppies, as the brand obviously signified ones financial success as well as a passion for driving. The elegant 6 Series coupe debuted and the latter part of the decade saw the high-performance M division working its magic on various production models.The early 1990s saw BMW replace the 6 Series with the compelling (V12-powered at first) but heavy 8 Series grand touring coupe while later that decade the Z3 roadster bowed. The company also opened its first U.S. manufacturing coiffe in the latter h alf of the 1990s.The 2000s brought a midsize SUV (the X5) as well as a compact SUV (the X3) as BMW joined the hot-selling segment. Since then, BMW has replaced the Z3 with the Z4, introduced the compact 1 Series, produced hybrid versions of a few models and debuted the X6 fastback crossover. The company has also expanded its empire to include Mini and Rolls-Royce and continues to build motorcycles, something it has done since the 1920s.The automakers famous advertising slogan describes each of its vehicles as the ultimate driving machine, and its not mere hyperbole. Over the past couple of decades, BMWs have become the standard for performance and luxury in most of the over $30,000 segments. With family-friendly wagons, shrewd sedans, distinctive coupes, nimble sports cars and spacious SUVs offered, BMWs model roster is diverse. But its luxury vehicles all share a common characteristic the ability to make drivers feel gloriously connected to the road.8The automobile industry in Eur ope9The auto sector is often credited as the engine room of Europe. The European conjunction is the homeland to a competitive and innovative automotive industry that generates activity throughout the economy from materials and parts supply, to RD and manufacturing, to sales and after-sales services. Manufacturers have trained and developed a highly-skilled workforce, producing quality products for home and international markets. Vehicle manufacturing supports over 2 million European jobs with an additional 10 million citizens employed in associated industries. Exports are valued at over 70 one thousand million annually. The automotive industry has also established itself as a partner in sustainability.Technological advances have brought real solutions, driving down harmful emissions from industry products and production sites. Manufacturers have spearheaded significant improvements in vehicle safety and embraced social responsibility goals. Annually, the industry invests 20 billio n in RD, more than any other private sector. Its drive towards sustainable mobility remains an ongoing commitment.BMWS Group Corporate CultureThe BMW Group is one of the worlds booster cable car and motorcycle manufacturers with more than 100,000 employees in over 100 countries.With the brands BMW, MINI and Rolls Royce,BMW operate very successfully in the agiotage segment of the automobile and motorcycle industry.In order to consistently maintain the quality standards, BMW seek employees who possess team spirit and personal initiative, as well as an uncompromising lust to constantly further their knowledge. Because they are convinced that those who cease to improve have already ceased to be be good.High-efficiency culture.It is not only the technical know-how that makes BMW stand out considerably from other companies. In keeping with the quality standards of products, BMW corporate culture is a consistent high-efficiency culture.BMW constantly incite each other employee to become even better, to offer even better products. This is only possible through a pronounced team spirit. Critical reflection and self-critical advancement are only possible within a well-functioning team.Because they approach each other with respect and esteem, the employees have a strong team spirit the decisive prerequisite for success within a team. Satisfied and motivated employees are an invaluable competitive advantage to our company. 10Basic principlesDuring the next decade BMW aim to secure a position as the worlds leading manufacturer of premium automobiles. For this reason all of companys strategies including the corporate culture are conceived on a long-term basis and are constantly target-oriented.BMW deal to utilise new chances and achieve a new level of efficiency,they aspire to create an atmosphere of optimism from which to draw the energy for necessary changes.The following principles of the BMW Group form the basis of this long-term and target-oriented action11Cust omer orientation.Our customers decide whether or not our company is successful. Our customers are at the centre of all of our actions and the results of our actions must be judged from a perspective of their benefit to the customer.High efficiency.We aim to be the best. Each of us has to rise to this challenge, meaning that each employee must be prepared to achieve a high degree of efficiency. We aspire to belong to an elite, but without being arrogant, because it is the company and its products that count the most and zippo else.Responsibility.Each BMW Group employee bears personal responsibility for the success of the company. This also applies within a team, where each individual must be aware of his or her responsibility. In this respect we are fully aware that we all work together in achieving corporate goals. For this reason we also work together in the interests of the company.Effectiveness.Only sustainable and effective results are of benefit to the company. When assessing management, it is only the effect of performance on results that counts.Adaptability.In order to achieve continuous success we must adapt quickly and flexibly to new demands. Therefore, we regard change as a chance and the ability to adapt as the prerequisite for reservation use of this chance.Disagreement.In the search for the best solution everyone has the duty to bring to light any disagreement. The solutions found are then resolutely enforced by all involved.Respect, trust, fair play.We treat one another with respect. Management is based on mutual trust, trust is based on calculability and fairness.Employees.Business enterprises are made by people. Employees are our strongest factor of success. Consequently, personnel decisions belong to the most crucial decisions. cautionary function.Every executive has an exemplary function.Sustainability.We regard sustainability as a unchangeable and positive contribution towards the economic success of the company. This is the basis of our ecologic and social responsibility.Society.We consider awareness of social responsibility an inseparable part of our corporate self-conception.Independence.We secure the BMW Groups entrepreneurial independence through sustainable and profitable growth.Equality of opportunityBMW Group employees work in different countries on different continents. They are as diverse as is usually the case in our globalized world. It goes without saying that all of our employees are treated equally according to their qualifications and granted equal opportunities. So diversity is perfectly normal in our working lives.DiversityThe diversity of the BMWs employees is one of their peculiar(prenominal) strengths. It enhances the companys innovative capability and helps to gain ground in new markets. It broadens the pool of BMWs talents and competencies. Human diversity is therefore a key to the sustainable success of the BMW Group. accordingly diversity is an important issue of the future.Human div ersity also influences the cultural horizon within the company. As a result it becomes constantly broader, providing BMW with new aspects and perspectives.This enables to perceive new needs and trends far earlier and above all to understand them and to live with diversity.Sustainability managementWe have set ourselves the goal of integrating sustainability throughout the intact value chain and its underlying processes creating an added value for the company, the environment and society. Key elements of BMW Groups sustainability management include an environmental radar that is regularly extended to cover additional ecological and social aspects ongoing dialogue with stakeholders the inclusion of sustainability criteria in all decision- qualification processes and a holistic approach to the entire value chain.The BMW Groups basic principles form the foundation of the companys long-term alignment. They establish, among other things, that being a good corporate citizen is an integra l part of how the BMW Group defines itself as a company. Furthermore, sustainability is regarded as making a positive contribution to the companys economic success.According to the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes, the BMW Group is menstruationly the worlds most sustainable carmaker. The company was named industry leader in these important global sustainability indices for the fifth consecutive year in 2009. Numerous other ratings and awards also confirm the companys lead component part in the field of sustainability. But for the BMW Group this is only the beginning. It is obvious that sustainability is set to contact an even bigger role in defining premium mobility of the future from environmentally-friendly drive trains and resource-friendly production processes to new, sustainable services in the field of individual mobility. In the future, premium will inevitably comprise the concept of sustainability. The manufacturer with the more efficient and resource-friendly production , who offers the most visionary solutions for eco-friendly individual mobility, will have the competitive edge.BMW positionAt the BMW Group, sustainability is not just the responsibility of one particular department. All employees are called upon to implement elements of corporate sustainability in their area of responsibility. Here the members of the Board of Management of BMW AG discuss how their individual divisions define corporate sustainability.The BMW Group and its BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce brands epitomise joy, passion and success. The aim is to actively shape the future. To achieve this, we are making sustainability an increasingly integral part of our value chain. Sustainability should be the defining principle of how we design our processes and procedures. Our company has been changing its approach over recent years. The revision of the BMW Groups sustainability strategy was the next logical step and an important milestone. But there is still some way to go.Economics12Th e BMWs corporate system Number ONE is creating the best conditions for long-term value creation and sustainability. Our vision is to be the worlds leading provider of premium products and premium services in the automotive industry. As we see it, this also means being a leader in the field of sustainability. From an economic point of view, issues such as compliance, anti-corruption and risk management form the backbone of corporate responsibility.In late 2007, the BMW Group presented its new corporate Strategy Number ONE. The vision To be the leading provider of premium products and premium services for individual mobility. To reach this goal, the company needs to focus consistently on growth and profitability to constantly develop new technologies to guarantee adit to relevant customer groups and, most importantly, to actively shape the future. These key fields of action are the four pillars of Strategy Number ONE.Everything BMW do is based on the twelve basic principles the Boar d of Management defined in Strategy Number ONECustomer orientation The customer and benefit for the customer are at the core group of everything the company does.Peak performance -The company and all its employees aim to be the best.Responsibility Every employee shares the responsibility for the companys success.Effectiveness Only results which have a lasting effect count.Adaptability Flexibility as a crucial prerequisite for success.Dissent As we strive to find the best solution, we are frank with each other.Respect, trust, fairness The basis of successful cooperation.Employees The strongest factor in a companys success.Leading by example Every manager has to be aware that he / she is a role model and should act accordingly.Sustainability Acting sustainably is an element of our corporate responsibility and a contribution to value creation.Society Social responsibility is an integral part of our corporate self-image.Independence Sustained profitable growth secures the co rporate independence of the BMW Group.Based on these principles, the BMW Group has established a focused approach to master the current crisis. Priorities are to secure the companys sound financial footing and its liquidity as well as to develop attractive, trendsetting products. Over the past five years, the company has invested a total of over 21 billion euros in its future, an amount that also reflects the BMW Groups technological expertise and the pace at which innovations are developed.With its corporate Strategy Number ONE, the BMW Group is setting the course for tomorrows dynamic growth. For more detailed information on the financial year and our latest figures please refer to the current Annual Report.Employees-Basic principlesDuring the next decade we aim to secure our position as the worlds leading manufacturer of premium automobiles. For this reason all of our strategies including our corporate culture are conceived on a long-term basis and are constantly target-oriente d.We established this prerequisite when we launched our Strategy Number ONE. The Vision to become the worlds leading provider of premium products and premium services for individual mobility. To this end, the BMW Group concentrates on profitability and sustained value creation. The companys four strategic pillars also include growth, shaping the future and access to technologies and customers.The following principles of the BMW Group form the basis of this long-term and target-oriented action13Customer orientationOur customers decide whether or not our company is successful. Our customers are at the centre of all of our actions and the results of our actions must be judged from a perspective of their benefit to the customer.Peak performanceWe aim to be the best. Each of us has to rise to this challenge, meaning that each employee must be prepared to achieve a high degree of efficiency. We aspire to belong to an elite, but without being arrogant, because it is the company and its pro ducts that count the most and nothing else.ResponsibilityEach BMW Group employee bears personal responsibility for the success of the company. This also applies within a team, where each individual must be aware of his or her responsibility. In this respect we are fully aware that we all work together in achieving corporate goals. For this reason we also work together in the interests of the company.EffectivenessOnly sustainable and effective results are of benefit to the company. When assessing management, it is only the effect of performance on results that counts.AdaptabilityIn order to achieve continuous success we must adapt quickly and flexibly to new demands. Therefore, we regard change as a chance and the ability to adapt as the prerequisite for making use of this chance.DissentIn the search for the best solution everyone has the duty to bring to light any disagreement. The solutions found are then resolutely implemented by all involved.

Educate People On Pusher Syndrome

Educate state On Pusher SyndromeThe brain is a truly complex organ. Everything we do or conjecture takes place in a very confined, small space. Any injury that occurs in the brain kitty affect the whole form. Pusher syndrome is a disarray following right or left brain damage. Pusher syndrome occurs when the unhurried pushes a agency from the nonhemip aretic side.2 Pusher syndrome is observed in about 10 percentage of cutting virgule endurings that has hemiparesis.10 Typically, pedlar syndrome occurs in biass, but may in any case occur in trauma, tumors, or early(a) kinds of brain damage.11 Pusher syndrome usually occurs when the posterolateral portion of the thalamus, that is find deep within the cerebral hemispheres beneath the cortex and is the relay center for sensory and motor mechanisms and the suprathalamic white matter is involved.1,12,13 The damage is caused by higher pressure, swelling, and other secondary pathologies.10 Pusher syndrome is usually caused by a hemorrhagic virgule rather than a cerebral infarction.10 A posterior thalamic hemorrhage causes bigger lesions than thalamic infarctions, which frequently leads to pusher syndrome.7StrokeSince pusher syndrome is usually the result of a stroke, it is substantial to know some basic facts about strokes. One of the most common causes of destruction in the United States is due to a stroke.14 The long term cause of disability is also due to a stroke.15 Strokes can cause an increased dependance for galore(postnominal) survivors.16 A stroke is one of the most expensive and life changing syndromes keeping state from mounty participating in their lives.17 Stroke occurs when thither is an interruption of blood flow to the brain and it causes sudden unappeasable neurologic loss of function. Hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes are major risk factors for having a stroke.5 The age of people having strokes are starting to decrease.17There are two different classifications of stroke, which are hemorrhage and ischemic strokes. Ischemic strokes are caused by thrombosis, embolism, or systemic hypoperfusion, while hemorrhage strokes are caused by intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage. A thrombotic stroke is caused when a disease causes a thrombus and reduces blood flow distally. An embolic stroke is caused when rubble breaks off and travels elsewhere to block arterial access to a particular region of the brain. Intracerebral hemorrhage stroke is usually from small arteries haemorrhage nowadays into the brain. This bleeding causes a localized hematoma that spreads along white matter pathways. The accumulation of blood can occur within minutes or hours. The hematoma grows until the pressure increases to its limit or until the hemorrhage decompresses by emptying into the ventricular system or into the cerebrospinal fluid on the surface of the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage stroke is usually caused by a rupture of arterial aneurysms that are located at the base of the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage strokes can be also caused by bleeding from vascular formations that lie near the pial surface of the brain. Ischemic cerebral infarctions are responsible for 80 percent of strokes and brain hemorrhage is responsible for 20 percent of strokes.18Strokes can cause many neurological deficits. Those deficits overwhelm deficits in motor control, abnormal synergistic patterns of movement, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and a loss of range of motion.14 People having symptoms of a stroke should have a MRI or CT scan within 24 hours of onset.19 Symptoms of stroke include sudden numbness or weakness in the branch, leg, or face on one side of body, sudden confusion or trouble speaking, sudden trouble seeing, sudden obstruction with walking, dizziness, loss of balance, and sudden headaches.5Characteristics of Pusher SyndromePusher syndrome is characterized by thrust toward the hemiparetic side. A patient with pusher syndrome powerfully resists the v ertical upright position. They adjust their longitudinal axis vertebra of their bodies with what they perceive as vertical, which is toward their hemiparetic side.3 A patient with pusher syndrome usually tilts their body 20 degrees to their hemiparetic side.4 Pushing varies in severity and increases with postural challenges. In seated, the patient leans toward the weaker side. In standing, the patient has a high risk for falls because they are unbalanced and the hemiparetic lower finis cannot support the weight of their body. The patient shows no fear of pushing to the weak side.5 These patients actually show fear of falling toward their nonparetic side and that is why they push toward the hemiplegic side.20 recipely, a patient with a stroke increases their weight bearing on their stronger side, so this syndrome is opposite of the expected tendencys.5 Pusher syndrome is much prominent when patients are upright rather than lying down.21 Patients with pusher syndrome has paresis of the contralesional extremities more frequently and more severe than patients without pusher syndrome13 These patients also have an unstable gait because they continuously fall to their paretic side. The inability to bear weight on the paretic lower extremity also causes gait disturbances. Part of the underlining mechanism of pusher syndrome is the mismatch between the visual vertical and tilted orientation of the body.14Diagnosing Pusher SyndromeTo diagnose pusher syndrome, the alike(p) Scale of Contraversive Pushing (SCP) is used on the same day of the MRI acquisition. The SCP analyzes lead different areas. The first area to be assessed is symmetry of spontaneous body intensity level. The next is the use of the nonparetic arm or leg to increase pushing force by abduction and appendix of extremities. Last is the resistance to passive correction of posture. These interrogations are determined when the patient is sitting with feet on the ground and standing. For a patient to b e diagnosed with pusher syndrome, all three analyzed areas have to be demonstrate and with a bell ringer of at least one with respect to their spontaneous postures and at least a marker of one with respect to the use of the nonparetic arm and leg to increase pushing force by abduction and extension. Also the patient has to show a resistance to the correction of the posture.6 The SCP is a simple and fast test but it is not suitable when symptoms are slight and only show up in dynamic activities like walking. Another way to diagnose pusher syndrome is a four-point scale that assesses the presence of pusher syndrome by examining different postures. If a patient does not have pusher syndrome they will receive a score of zero. If pusher syndrome is only present in standing, the patient receives a score of one. If pusher syndrome is also present in sitting the patient receives a score of two. If pusher syndrome is also present while lying down the patient receives a score of three.7Tre atment of Pusher SyndromePhysical therapy is a very important part of recuperation for a patient with pusher syndrome. Patients with hemiplegia and pusher syndrome will be admitted to inpatient rehabilitation more frequently than patients with less severe symptoms.7 Pusher syndrome causes impairments on postural balance.8 One of the first goals of physical therapy should be to demonstrate and align posture.2 Visual cues may be assistantful for patients to try to align their body axis to the earth vertical.14 The healer can sit next to their less involved side or have the patient sit against a wall with their less involved side and tell the patient to lean toward the therapist or against the wall. To help with sitting posture, physical therapy can include sitting on a therapy ball to promote symmetry and sitting. While the patient is on the ball, the weaker lower extremity should cross over the stronger lower extremity. To help startle the weak lower extremity out of flexion, whi ch is often the position of the weaker lower extremity the patient can wear an air splint or a leg splint. The therapists can actually tap directly over the quadriceps muscle to promote extension. A modified plantigrade position is a not bad(p) position to range early standing. In this position, the therapists can focus on using the weaker lower extremity to work on unilateral support. The weaker velocity extremity may also be in a position of flexion, so an air splint can be used to promote extension of that upper extremity. A patient can stand in a corner or doorway to promote symmetrical standing. The therapist should block the stronger extremities from moving into abduction and extension and pushing. The therapist should provide constant feedback about body orientation and have the patient practice correcting orientation and weight shifting.5 When a patient begins gait training, the therapist can lower the height of the assistive device so the patient has to bear weight on th e uninvolved side.22 If a patient requires transferring, they should be transferred to their weaker side. Transferring this way is much more convenient since the patient is already pushing in that direction.Also, since pusher syndrome is the result of a stroke, the treatment of a patient with a stroke should also be discussed. The level of the patient with a stroke must be part of consideration when a patient begins therapy. There are many tests to measure the independence in activities of daily living. These tests include the Functional Independence Measurement (FIM), Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the Barthel Index (BI).23 A therapist will examine the patient and make a decision on the level that the patient is on in order to see which direction to begin therapy. Another scale that needs to be evaluated for a patient with a stroke is the Brunnstrom stages of recovery. This scale rates the patient in the progression of the typical characteristics of s troke behaviors. This scale goes through seven stages of recovery. The stages begin with stage one as the patient is flaccid, stage two as the patient begins to develop spasticity, stage three as spasticity is at its greatest, stage four and five as the spasticity decreases, stage six as spasticity is completely gone and stage seven as the patient is back to normal function. The therapist should also be aware of synergy patterns and help the patient to work out of these patterns.22 The stages of motor control and the stages of developmental posture are very important aspects of therapy for stroke patients. A therapist should be aware of these sequences and follow them in the treatment of a stroke patient.5After a patient suffers a stroke, balance ability can be improved by physical therapy interventions. After a stroke, early impaired balance is strongly associated with future function and recovery.15 The Bobath concept of Neuromuscular Developmental Treatment (NDT) is one of the ma ny tools that therapist can use to deal with individual deficits and opportunities for stroke survivors. NDT is curiously useful for those patients with a good prognosis for recovery. Bobath explained that a patient suffering from hemiplegia should be active while the therapist assists them in moving by using rouge points of control and reflex inhibiting reflexes.9 The key points of control are head, shoulders, hips, or distal extremities. The shoulder and pelvic girdle is the most important points to fascinate postural alignment. A therapist would apply manual contact to the shoulder and pelvis to influence muscle timber distribution and distal movements. The distal key points are the elbows, hands, knees, and feet. The distal key points affect the movement of the trunk. Once a patients tone is manageable, the therapist superimposes normal movements and posture. When a therapist superimposes normal movement and posture, it is through within the context of a in operation(p) act ivity. NDT is a great way to inhibit abnormal postural reflex activity and movements and facilitate normal patterns. Normal motor patterns include head and trunk control, upper extremity support, and balance reaction. NDT is also a good approach to align posture.22Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is inform as being the most hard-hitting protocol for achieving the greatest increase in range of motion.24 PNF is also used to increase strength, flexibility, and range of motion. By increase these things and integrating these gains, the patient can establish head and trunk control, iniate and chief(prenominal)tain movements, control shifts in the center of gravity, and control their pelvis and trunk while the extremities move. PNF is unique(p) diagonal patterns of movement. Most movements do not occur only in the cardinal plane but also occur as triplanar. PNF patterns simulate the demands incurred during functional movements.22Another good approach to physical therapy is to strengthen the weak muscles. Tone is another issue that must be addressed in physical therapy in a patient with a stroke and pusher syndrome. Patients can either have low tone (flaccid) or high tone (spastic). Low tone can be corrected by using facilitory techniques, and high tone can be corrected by using inhibitory techniques.5 Some facilitory techniques include quick stretching, tapping, vibration, approximation, and weight bearing. Some inhibitory techniques include slow, rhythmic rotation, weight bearing, prolonged icing, and static stretch.22Occupational and Speech TherapyOccupational therapy is also required to rarify rehabilitation to address participation in work, family, and community life.17 Upper extremity weakness also needs to be strengthened by the occupational therapist to perform activities of daily living.25 Although rescue therapy may not be needed to treat pusher syndrome patients specifically, the injuries that result in this condition will require speec h therapy, such as stroke or brain injury. Speech therapy may be needed to address aphasia, global or expressive.Prognosis of Pusher Syndrome stock-still though progress of a patient with pusher syndrome is based on a patient by patient case, they usually have good results. With effective training, the potential for minimizing the impact of pusher syndrome is good. Motor learning strategies are also very effective in reducing the effects of pusher syndrome and enhancing recovery.5 The functional recovery process may be very slow and require a longer stay in the hospital but usually a patient with pusher syndrome makes a full recovery. Recovery is usually completed by six months after the stroke.7ConclusionPusher syndrome can be a very devastating symptom after a hemorrhagic stroke. Ten percent of acute stroke patients suffer from pusher syndrome. A patient with pusher syndrome can have greater challenges with function and mobility. They have difficulties with standing and sitting as they push to their hemiparetic side and resist correction of posture. The Standardized Scale of Contraversive pushing (SCP) and a four-point scale are two ways to diagnose a patient with pusher syndrome. The treatment of pusher syndrome is dependent on physical therapy. Initially, correcting posture is the main focus of therapy. Then balance, strengthening weak muscles, and correcting abnormal movements are the focus of therapy. Neuromuscular Developmental Treatment (NDT) and proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) are great tools that help with physical therapy. Patients with pusher syndrome may have a slower recovery and a longer hospital stay, but usually make a full recovery within six months.

Polymorphisms of Crystalline Solids :: Chemistry Engineering Science Essays

Polymorphisms of Crystalline Solids Polymorphism is the phenomenon where a compound can precipitate to form numerous crystal structures. Due to berth and time limitations, we have decided to confine the scope of this paper to only include polymorphisms of crystalline solids and not include polymorphisms associated with DNA and genetic related topics. It is consequential in many argonas of technology, that people are aware of the presence of polymorphisms and the properties of the different polymorphisms. The different crystalline structures each have different physical properties, which can depart the use of the chemical. The physical properties that may differ from one polymorphism to another include solubility, density, melting point and even color. One of the variables that affect the crystallization ferment is the solvent that is used in the precipitation. The solvent may cause less stable polymorphisms to form instead of those that are more stable. Predicti ons can be do as to which polymorphism will be formed based on the solvent and its properties. The mixing conditions also have an affect on the formation of conglomerate polymorphisms. (Meyerson) Different polymorphisms can also be formed by manipulating the solute concentrations, flows rates, and equipment configurations. Research involving polymorphisms is becoming increasingly important to the pharmaceutical industry due to the number of pharmaceuticals that are prone to polymorphisms, patents on certain polymorphisms, the differing bioavailability of the polymorphisms and the differing effects of the polymorphisms on the body. (Meyerson) During the 1970s, G.M.J. Schmidt coined the term crystal engineering and defined it as predicting the crystal structure of solid-state organic molecules (Sharma). In 1989, G.R. Desiraju revised the meaning as the the understanding of intermolecular interactions in the context of crystal packing and in the legalization of such und erstanding and the design of bare-ass solids with desired physical and chemical properties (Sharma). Crystal engineering has grown to encompass the study of the hardness and color of solids, nanotechnology, protein receptor binding, pharmaceutical development, and polymorphisms (Sharma). Crystals are used in many areas of science, pharmaceuticals, and materials engineering. Crystals differ from many other organic and inorganic materials because of their ability to form polymorphisms.

An Analysis of Langston Hughes Poem, Freedom Train :: Hughes Freedom Train Essays

An Analysis of Langston Hughes Poem, Freedom TrainThere is very little left to the imagination when reading Langston Hughes Freedom Train. His ideas of universe free are apparent from the beginning of his metrical composition. However, although he spells everything out, he still leaves a couple of things for his readers to figure out. He starts off wanting to know each round this train he keeps hearing. He says, I read in the papers about the Freedom Train. I heard on the radio about the Freedom Train. He wants to know everything he can about this train. Its to the highest degree as if everybody knows there is such thing as a train, but its almost as if no one knows what the train is. Towards the middle of the poem the realist in Hughes comes out. He goes into the doubts that most African Americans had at the time. He says, Down South in Dixie only train I sees got a Jim Crow car set aside for me. Another interesting technique he adds is when he capitalizes the flannel FOLKS ONLY and FOR COLORED signs. He either does this to draw attention to the cause, or to try and know what it feels like to have these signs sticking in your face. He specifically mentions Birmingham, Mississippi, and Georgia during the poem. These were key cities that were into segregation of the South. When it stops in Mississippi will it be made plain everybodys got a right to board the independence train. Hughes almost is becoming a little agitated in the poem when he refers to these cities, especially when he is talking about Birmingham. The Birmingham stations marked COLORED and WHITE, the white folks go left, the colored go right. In this part of the poem, he is questioning whether or not this Freedom Train is too good to be true. He sounds like he doubts a little of what this Freedom Train is all about. He knows there is a train, but there have been a lot of promises before that were not fulfilled, he does not want to get his hopes up before he finds out more about this train. Towards the end of the poem , he starts sounding like the optimistic Hughes we all have come to know and love.