Olivio Assignment Business Law Essay

After reading the above and based on the definition of larceny in the text, is if fair to convict a person for larceny if he did not leave the premises without paying for the property in his possession? Does intent to deprive have anything to do with the outcome of a case of larceny? What do you think? Also, should the penalty for larceny vary, depending on where the individual is caught or the dollar value of the good taken? Explain According to NYS penal law (155. 05), â€Å"A person steals property and commits larceny when, with intent to deprive another of property or to appropriate the same to himself or to a third person, he wrongfully takes, obtains or withholds such property from an owner thereof†. So I believe it is fair to convict a person for larceny even if he or she did not actually leave the premises without paying for the property in his or her possession. In the case of Olivio, the story clearly stated that he stopped to look around several times, which confirms that his motive was indeed to steal the merchandise- the story also stated that he ran right past the cash registers in order to make an exit with the merchandise which further confirms that he intended to take the merchandise without paying. Which shows intent to deprive.. I believe the penalty for larceny should vary depending on the dollar value of the merchandise that was taken- I however do not think that the penalty should vary according to where the individual is caught. Where the individual is caught is irrelevant- what matters is retrieving the merchandise and or property that was stolen and punishing the person who stole it.

Gardenia and Pepsi Cola in Laguna

We visited the plant of Gardenia and Pepsi Cola in Laguna. We arrived at Pepsi Cola’s plant first, in which they explain the process of production of their products then had a chance to tour the plant. From Pepsi Cola’s plant, we had a stop over at SM Sta. Rosa for a few hours then to Gardenia’s plant. There, we saw the production of their products by explaining the process first then saw in actual the step-by-step process of manufacturing their bread. In Pepsi Cola’s plant, we only visited the part of the plant in which bottles of their products are located. I found it needless because I expect that we could observe concretely the necessary procedures on how Pepsi products are made or from direct materials to finish goods. But we only saw the bottles and already packed products. I also found their plant unclean for products are unorganized plus lack of ventilation. Similar essay: Gardenia Distribution Strategy I like Gardenia’s plant better. They designed their plant in a way that there is an auditorium to present clearly and comfortably the manufacturing process of their products, which were intended for visitors. Also, there is a place for viewing the actual production procedure. I also like the ambiance and how staffs welcome and entertain visitors at Gardenia’s plant. If I will rank our plant visit as 10 being the highest, it will be 6. Because I didn’t find it much useful in our course except the fact that compared to my previous visit, at least, I was able to relate more with what I saw like some notes posted on their walls. Also, I was able to appreciate the visit more for we already discussed topics relating to manufacturing companies.

Technology management in military intelligence

The inalterable truth is that many facets of the intelligence community, peculiarly those responsible for procurance of high engineering hardware, remain wedded to the thought of engineering as artifact. The fulcrum of this paper is that engineering direction can be applied to engineering as cognition, and as a procedure of question and action, which has deductions for the development rhythm. Pascale ( 1999 ) argues that to better the success rate of strategic enterprises and attain the degree of reclamation necessary for successful executing, theories associated with complex adaptative systems ( ‘complexity ‘ for short ) need to be considered within a new and developing engineering direction paradigm. This paper will therefore explore engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action alongside the thoughts associated with complexness, such that the success or failure of intelligence related engineering direction is more to the full understood.1.1 Backgro undTechnology gate keepers operate within a traditional engineering paradigm. Garud and Rappa ( 1991 ) point out that â€Å" rating modus operandis † have a inclination to reenforce an established paradigm and prevent the outgrowth of others. In sing intelligence related engineering direction hence, it will be argued that the emerged menace posed by a complex system of chiefly low tech visionaries, absolutely at easiness with mass targeting, remains a hard construct to counter when utilizing traditional attacks. Following the rules established by Eric Beinhocker ( 1997 ) , it will be argued that intelligence related engineering direction continues to run within a paradigm informed by strategic theories developed in the decennary following World War II. The theories are underpinned by the mathematics of mid-nineteenth century natural philosophies, with associated premises of deterministic cause and consequence which continue to exercise a immense influence ( Pascale, 1999 ) . It will be argued that the attack fails to account for the promotion in apprehension of how the life universe really works when considered from the point of view of complex adaptative systems ; engineering as cognition. This has peculiar resonance for the administration of asymmetric terrorist societal groups which constitute the current and immediate menace which defense mechanism engineering direction seeks to counter. By non accounting for ‘complexity ‘ and how it might be used to understand the kineticss at work within the mark groupings ( engineering as a procedure of question and action ) , this paper will seek to show that engineering procurance will go on to be unnaturally ‘skewed ‘ towards a conventional menace which remains consistent with post-war cause and consequence strategic theory.1.2 Justification for the researchWhilst engineering direction continues to be influenced by station World War II strategic theories concentrating on engineering as artifact, what Garud and Rappa ( 1991 ) identified as thoughts that are institutionalization at the macro degree of shared knowledge will go on to rule. Technological gate-keepers within the MoD will retain out-of-date methods of understanding what engineering direction is, and how it can be applied to counter the current menace. Although there is grounds of complexness theory being applied to such diverse elements as the oil industry ( Pascale, 1999 ) and the doctrine of instruction ( Peters, 2008 ) , there is a spread in cognition of how it might be applied to act upon engineering direction within intelligence related procurance. This paper will research the thought that dynamic equilibrium ( prevailing during the cold war epoch ) no-longer remains a valid theory for intelligence related technological development when sing the menace posed by asymmetric societal-terrorist groups. Equally recent as 2009, Geraint Evans examined intelligence failures in the visible radiation of recent terrorist atrociousnesss. However, his primary probe centred on the application and integrating of intelligence architecture, still concentrating on engineering as artifact, whilst unwittingly reenforcing premises based on 19th century Newtonian natural philosophies and the associated cause and consequence dictat. This is merely one illustration amongst many whereby recent work has sought to turn to incidents of intelligence dislocation, whilst neglecting to place and work what Pascale calls the following large idea- complexness theory. This paper will seek to turn to a cognition spread to categorize asymmetric societal-terrorist groups as complex adaptative systems and the ability to counter the menace through recognizing engineering as cognition and a procedure of question and action. Research will be applied to measure how the apprehension of complex adaptative systems can be used to inform future intelligence related technological direction and development programmes.1.3 Aim and aimsResearch purpose: to bring forth recommendations for military intelligence related engineering direction when sing mark groups as complex adaptative systems Aims: critically reexamine the literature to place how complexness theory has been applied to alternative spheres comparison bing definitions of complex adaptative systems with the analysed behavior of asymmetric societal-terrorist groups interview intelligence professionals to find how engineering direction might be impacted when sing mark groups as complex adaptative systems formulate recommendations for intelligence professionals when engineering direction is required to aim complex adaptative systemsChapter 2 Research definition2.1 Initial reappraisal of the literatureThe Open University class T840 ‘Technology Management ‘ , underpins the initial research into engineering direction with respect to engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action. Whilst seeking to understand how asymmetric societal-terrorist groups might be understood in the visible radiation of complexness theory, Jane Henry in the Open University Course B822 ‘Creativity, Innovation & A ; Change ‘ provides a utile get downing point in understanding the background to complexness theory. The current business with intelligence failure, in the visible radiation of recent terrorist atrociousnesss, has led to many defense mechanism orientated journal articles covering specifically with military intelligence, and these will be utilized to spread out the research. Evans ( 2009 ) critiques the intelligence rhythm in seeking to understand where failures are happening in the procedure. He discusses the relationship between procedure ( engineering as question and action ) and information ( engineering as cognition ) ; something that is seen as cardinal by Hughes et Al in the the Open University Course T837 ‘Information Focused Systems ‘ . Both Evans and Hughes are fixated by information flow within the context of proficient bearers, viz. Evans discusses runing constructs such as Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance ( ISTAR ) , whilst Hughes et Al explores, at a more elaborate degree, electromagnetic radiation. Nevertheless, the philosophical attack for both has much in common. Whereas Hughes succeeds in discoursing why information systems exist, to pattern the existent universe ; Evans fails to travel beyond an internal review of bing attacks to engineering direction, and finally reverts to covering with en gineering as artefact. This tendency continues in other articles concerned with intelligence failure. In an article less concerned with engineering than with effects, Honig ( 2008 ) discusses why surprise onslaughts continue to go on, but once more does non place something that Hughes in T837 instantly recognizes – engineering related information systems have value merely when they model information content drawn from the environment ( engineering as cognition ) . Of class, it would be artful to propose that Evans and Honig are non cognizant of the operational environment to a greater or lesser extent. Their attack nevertheless does look to be untypical, in that they fail to dispute implicit in premises ; this finally affects how they approach the job of intelligence failure. Pascale ( 1999 ) argues that strategic theories that underpin the principle behind most determination devising procedures today have their roots in the decennary following World War II ; which saw a universe runing within a dynamic equilibrium, codified by the cold war stand-off. Hulnick ( 2006 ) supports this position when discoursing one of the chief vehicles for intelligence appraisal in usage today. The intelligence ‘estimate ‘ ( engineering as cognition ) , Hulnick argues, is a animal of the Cold War, but has its roots in the 1939-45 struggle. The appraisal of beginnings which critique strategic theories will be of import as ultimately theories guide investing. The Open University Course T840 ‘Technology Management ‘ discusses the difference between conventional merchandise and procedure development and the rearward merchandise rhythm. Cited in T840, the Abernathy-Utterbck theoretical account ( 1978 ) identifies that where radical engineering is utilized, development is unstable and prototype invention is high. This paper will analyze grounds which suggests that determination shapers may seek to turn to failures in intelligence by high-end engineering investing, accompanied by high hazard, high cost, and long lead times. Beginnings which challenge the prevalent, underlying strategic premises, from the point of view of understanding mark groupings in the visible radiation of complexness theory, will be assessed by this paper. The rearward merchandise rhythm as described by Barras ( 1986, cited in T840 ) might be seen as a more prudent attack to engineering direction ( when developing artefact ) if the full deductions for complexness theory are realised, with high-end investing utilised merely when the deductions for intelligence related engineering direction are more to the full understood. Whilst reviewing current attacks to intelligence related engineering direction, the usage of beginnings which seek to understand complexness theory will be drawn on. Pascale ( 1999 ) provides a utile background of how complex adaptative systems operate, peculiarly in the oil industry, whilst Peters ( 2008 ) expands on the issues with a more in-depth overview of the deductions for instruction. Pascale ‘s article is of primary importance, as it demonstrates how even high tech administrations like Shell might be viewed as complex adaptative systems. The deductions of this for military intelligence related engineering direction are broad ranging, but will stay outside the range of this research paper. The purpose will be to concentrate on understanding asymmetric societal-terrorist groups as complex adaptative systems merely ; and the associated deductions for military intelligence related engineering direction when sing engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action.Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 Proposed research methods and techniquesThe research will affect interacting with intelligence professionals. All of these persons, to a greater lesser extent, will hold been, or remain, involved in intelligence related engineering direction in existent universe operational scenarios. Because of the sensitiveness involved, the research will be tightly controlled ( see subdivision 3.4 – Ethical motives ) . The cardinal points of the primary research stage are based on Case Study Research Design and Methods, Third Edition ( Yin, 2003 ) .Primary ResearchDetermine and specify the research range Unstructured and semi-structured interviews will be used. 10 experts will be used to supply information through treatment and suggestion. The complexness of intelligence related engineering direction and vagaries of operational experience will be ill served by the usage of set inquiries. The sensitiveness of the capable affair will prevent questionnaires being issued. Each expert will be asked to take an exemplar instance survey to discourse how ‘complex adaptative systems ‘ might impact intelligence related engineering direction. Determine how to garner the information on the research subject: Face-to-face meetings will be arranged at the respondents topographic point of work, or at a impersonal scene. Personal contacts will be utilised to place the experts from across a scope of operational countries. Phone-calls will be used to put up the meetings ab initio. The consequences will so be collated. Evaluate and analyse the informations: Notes from each interview will be analysed utilizing analytical techniques, to include, but non be limited to: Systems function. Cause & A ; Effect schematization. Rich Pictures. Functional dislocation constructions. Flow diagrams. UML modeling ; viz. usage instances. The information will be interpreted in order to reply the purpose and aims of the research. Decisions will be derived with respect to the purpose and aims. Decisions will be derived sing the wider pertinence of the research. Suggestions will be made where farther advancement could be made by go oning the research.Secondary researchReappraisal of the relevant academic literature: An appraisal of the related academic literature is required. Section 2.1 provides an initial literature reappraisal. Section 3.2 identifies extra beginnings identified, but non reviewed in the initial literature reappraisal. The mention list will go on to be developed as the research develops.3.2 Beginnings of literature and other informationThe Open University Postgraduate Certificate/Diploma in Technology Management class ( s ) will supply the implicit in beginnings and theoretical attack to research. This will be supplemented chiefly by the Open University online library, which through the initial literature hunt, has proved to keep an copiousness of relevant stuff, peculiarly with respect to complexness theory and military intelligence. The purpose will be to farther addendum the research by pulling on the research installations available at The University of Bristol. The university has an first-class international repute in research. In the latest independent appraisal of research quality ( RAE 2008 ) , over 61 per cent of the research work assessed in 48 research Fieldss at Bristol was awarded either the top 4* evaluation, defined as ‘world taking ‘ , or the 3* evaluation, classified as ‘internationally first-class ‘ . The library services are made available to Open University pupils via the SCONUL Access strategy. Finally, and for completeness, the list below identifies beginnings found during the initial literature hunt, or used during the certification / diploma degree classs, but which have yet to be drawn on. As they have non been quoted, they are non included in the mention subdivision at the terminal of this proposal. Fowles, M. 2004, T846 Technology Strategy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes. Gintis, H. Dec 2006, â€Å" Reappraisal of: The Origin of Wealth: Development, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics † , Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1018-31. Hayden, M.V. Sep/Oct2010, â€Å" The State of the Craft – Is Intelligence Reform Working † , World Affairs, vol. 173, no. 3, pp. 35-48. Martin, John. , Bell, Ros. 2007, â€Å" Pull offing Problems Creatively † in B822 Creativity, Innovation and Change, erectile dysfunction. The Open University, 2nd edn, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, pp. 29-57-71-95. Studeman, C.M. Feb 2009, â€Å" 7 Myths of Intelligence † , U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 64-69.3.3 Planning and schedulingA Gantt chart has been utilised to exemplify cardinal day of the months for the complete period of research, working at the degree of separate hebdomads. The T802 MSc Research Study Calendar provides a dislocation of the cardinal phases and associated undertakings. These have been transposed onto the Gantt chart below, with cardinal vacation periods ( ruddy saloon ) included for completeness.3.4 Ethical considerationsI have read and understood the ethical considerations, as described in subdivision 7.3 of The Open University Course Guide for the T802 MSc Research Course. All stuff used, will be referenced in the appropriate mode, taking note of the information protection issues that may originate. Where beginning information is non already in the public sphere at the clip of usage for the T802 class, permission will be requested to utilize the stuff in the normal mode. There is a moral duty to sensitively manage the point of views of functioning intelligence professionals in garnering the research information, and non to misapply professional trust built up over many old ages. The information presented will be generic in nature, whilst non mentioning to existent universe operations or capableness, but instead to how engineering direction might be impacted in wide operational footings. Where existent operational experience may be valid to exemplify peculiar points made by the interviewee ; the writer ‘s experience will be drawn on to exemplify the point that is being made.3.5 Risk appraisalDevelopment of the research stage is low hazard. The structured and semi-structured interviews will be conducted in an office based environment, admiting appropriate consciousness of exigency issues and fire muster points. Site visits are specifically excluded.Chapter 4 Supporting information4.1 List of old classsT837 Systems technology T840 Technology direction: an integrative attack M883 Software demands for concern systems B822 Creativity, invention and alteration T846 Technology scheme4.2 Relevance of capable affair to declared gradeThe proposed research has strong synergism with the declared grade. It draws on many facets of the capable affair discussed in the compulsory faculties. T840 discusses merchandise rhythms and their appropriate application ; a capable really relevant to intelligence related engineering direction. Intelligence related equipment procurance and its rightness to extant mark groupings is at the bosom of this research. Technology scheme ( T846 ) expands on these elements when looking at the assorted schools of scheme that have come to the bow at assorted points in recent history. The relevancy of these to the capable affair, non least the Learning School and the thoughts behind outgrowth and complexness, will be cardinal to understanding the impact of complex adaptative systems on intelligence related engineering direction. When sing optional faculties within the declared grade, both T837 ( Systems technology ) and B822 ( Creativity, invention and alteration ) reference, to a greater or lesser extent, the theories behind complexness and outgrowth. The capable affair for this research proposal hence provides a vehicle to pull many of these elements together. The research will supply an chance to research the relevancy of the identified elements in a modern-day and extremely topical sphere, and possibly significantly, get down to make full a cognition spread which on first expression, does non look to hold been addressed.

Critically Review the Blossoming Garden Centre case study Essay

Critically Review the Blossoming Garden Centre case study - Essay Example This has called for the emphasis on training and development of the workforce too. Consequently organizations have been observed to be making huge investments in conducting training needs analysis, developing training modules, and delivering the same to its human capital. Organizations constantly creating new knowledge and imparting the same through effective training and development to employees are seen to be providing better services and products to customers than others. Constant learning and development has become the key for success of the organizations (Vemic, 2007, p.1). This project seeks to bring forth the present HR conditions in Blossoming Garden City. For this purpose it conducts an evaluation of the organizations’ learning and development issues in the organization. The first issue which is observed is that the organization easily finds staff for itself but lacks the desirable skills or the willingness of these staff to get hands on experience with customers. The organization primarily faces difficulty in finding executives at the management and supervisory level. It is also expected that restructuring the management responsibility would be a difficult issue when Gordon would retire, who has been the Managing Director of the company since 1985. Moreover the nature of the business reveals that staffs need to be in constant touch with customers. This demands the right kind of customer skills which in turn demands adequate training on the skills. Training is considered to be an ongoing process in the organization, however, inadequacy of a formal training structure has been observed. Identification of Needs The report focuses on the learning cycle presented by Kolb, in terms of identifying the training needs, planning, delivering and evaluating the elements of learning and development. According to Kolb, every individual needs and responds to the stimulus of various types of learning styles to certain extent or the other. Depending on the best learning styles that fit the employees’ organizations set their learning strategies and preferences (Harrison, 2005, p.83). The following diagram provides Kolb’s learning cycle (Please refer Appendix 1). Researchers and practitioners have realized the requirement for training needs analysis as being an integral part of the organizations. In order to utilize resources successfully, it is important for organizations to determine the exact scope, location and magnitude of the training needs. Researchers have highlighted on the fact that there exists no justification of investments in training programs if it does not end up enhancing or improving the efficiency of the workforce of the organization (Moore & Dutton, 1978). Training needs analysis accounts for the very first step in the cyclical process of the overall education and training strategy staffs in organizations. According to the views of Gould, Kelly & White & Chidgey, (2003), training needs analysis begins with t he systematic consultation of identification of learning needs of the staff which is consecutively followed by the program planning, delivery and evaluation of the training programs. Research was conducted on micro and macro level organization for evaluating their training needs and assessments. It was revealed that in spite of their limited and small scope, the micro level organiza

Conflict resolution Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conflict resolution - Case Study Example The second case of the conflict may be difficult to resolve owing to the fact that a change in cultural norm is a gradual affair and would in cooperate systematic agreement and understanding of each other’s situation to resolve the conflict (Hansen, 2008). In an attempt to analyses and understand the nature of conflict and conflict resolution, this paper will draw from a conflict whereby an old fashioned, old school white woman from the southern states of US and in her late 70’s arrives as a new patient in a facility where a young black CAN-T (Nurse) works. As a result of the socio-cultural way of life in the southern states of America, black members of the society are called â€Å"colored." The new patient persistently calls the CAN-T colored despite pleas from the nurse to be referred to by the title or by name. The CAN-T feels offended by the persistence in the naming and perceives this to be racially instigated thus reports the matter to the director of nursing in the facility. Nevertheless, the new patient does not feel offensive and affirms that she has a right and freedom to speak. The situation thus results in a conflict as much as the new patient does not want a change of the nurse, as the CAN-T has been so good in de livering her services. Descriptively, this nature of a conflict falls under the category of a health worker to patient conflict. This kind of a conflict can in most cases interfere with the quality of services the nurse would offer the patient, thus instead of providing a primary nursing services, the nurse may only manage the conditions and procedures of the patient and not the patient (Nan, 2011). The conflict under study has more implications for the nurse as the patient feels she is right to call the nurse in the way she deems right. Psychologically, the conflict has a tremendous impact on the nurse in terms of stress, anger and sadness. The

3.Can terrorism be risk managed Discuss with reference to old and new Essay

3.Can terrorism be risk managed Discuss with reference to old and new forms of terrorism - Essay Example To actualize this threat, they may decide to harm one who opposes their candidate. The fact is that voting is secret and the bully knows that to increase the chances of his candidate winning, he has to ensure that there is increased pressure and more harm. This is how terrorism activity occurs (Samuels, 2008). To begin the essay, there are many other forms of evil deeds that are often confused with terrorism. These include murder, assassination, assault, battery, destruction of property, theft, robbery, rape, extortion and espionage. All these are not terrorism, but can be utilized by terrorists to conduct terrorism (Melisow, 2008). In these modern times, terrorism is used for political gains. Politics is not an individual game; rather, it involves a group. Most of these political activities are controlled by governments. This forms a soft target by the terrorists, who want to affect government activities and change the way a government performs by scaring people in a country (Melisow, 2008). This sentiment is echoed by Hoffman who states that terrorism is all about power; it’s the pursuit of power, its acquisition, and subsequent use for political change (2013). The old terrorism was practiced during the French revolution. Despite its modern-day use, it had a positive implication. It occurred during the period of 1793-1794 during the transient anarchical period of unrest, as a result of the 1789 uprising (Hoffman, 2013). Although the current world refers to it as terrorism, during the earlier times, it was known as an instrument used by the government of a new revolutionary state. Hoffman points out that â€Å"it was designed to consolidate the new government’s power by intimidating counter revolutionaries† (2013, p.3). It constituted the committee of general security and revolutionary tribunal. They were very powerful and had the ability to arrest and prosecute by form of death, anyone who tried to oppose the revolution. The earlier

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business management - Essay Example China is one country which escaped from the current global financial crisis without much damage. As per economic gurus, China’s economy will surpass that of the US’s within 20 years of time. Earlier, China was reluctant in opening their economy, but at present their economy is more transparent than even Japan’s economy. Moreover, China’s trade in 2004 was equal to 70% of its GDP, while that of Japan was 24%. China received $60.6 billion of foreign direct investment in 2004, while Japan, received only $20.1 billion (Overholt, 2005, p.5). China has adopted an economic policy in which they were ready to open the unimportant sectors for the FDI whereas the critical sectors were kept under government control only. They have encouraged privatization in many small scale industries and less important industry sectors and that also in bulk. Xinhua, Chinese daily, has quoted the opinion of the World Bank chief economist, Deepak Bhattasalithe recently. He has told to the Chinese daily that, not only the Chinese Governments effective policies on taxation, but its long-term investment in infrastructure construction also contributed to a more pleasant investment climate (Xinhua, 2004). There is no second opinion about the immense economic developments happening in China. Economic growth of a nation is controlled by many parameters like, political stability, lack of agitations in the society or industrial sectors and also the country’s ability to mobilize the internal resources along with attracting foreign direct investments (FDI) in the country. The people’s living standards, unemployment problems, educational levels, infrastructure developments, overall domestic peace levels and also the relationships with the neighboring countries, all will reflect the economic growth of a nation. China has all the above qualities and hence corporate can think about investing in China. China is the number one country in the world as

Network Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Network Security - Research Paper Example As the paper highlights network security guarantees authentication, availability, integrity and confidentiality is important to note that â€Å"network security is not absolute†. Network security should be perceived as a continuum that moves from very unsecure to very secure which makes it possible for organizations to rank their network security based on comparison with other security systems to determine whether is secure or less secure. The security level of any network also depends on the organizational needs where some might deem information highly valuable therefore requiring that only authorized users gain access while others would allow outsiders to access information but ensure protection against attempts to modify the available information. At the same time there are organizations that demand all the organizational information on computers and networks remain private by instituting authentication for both the sender and receiver of such information. The extent to whi ch organizational network security ensures protection will therefore depend on the security policy adopted as it is what will determine the type of access required.As the discussion stresses  technology used in development of a secure network depends on three models that include obscurity, perimeter defence, and defence in depth approach. For security by obscurity, network security depends on the ability of the system in place to keep the network undetected by unauthorized persons.

Islamic Culture-Comparing the principles of Shoora (Shurah) and Essay

Islamic Culture-Comparing the principles of Shoora (Shurah) and democracy - Essay Example By comparing each of these forms of principles, there is a deeper understanding of the mechanics that are associated with both approaches to the decisions that are made within society as well as what rules and governs those under these orders. The principles of Shurah are defined by governing expectations that begin in the household and move into society. According to these principles, the relationships to family and to kin is the most important to withhold in the culture. Each of the members and kin should hold a relationship according to the principles of Islam, specifically in terms of treating others with respect based on what individuals should receive the most respect as well as how one should be treated. The importance of this is not only based on basic respect and the formation of relationships. If a dispute arises among kin and family, priority is given to those who are expected to have the most respect in the family, specifically which held a sign of righteousness and love toward those that were a part of the Islamic culture and belief. The relationships were not expected to be of Islamic origin and were based on upholding the relationships, despite the actions or reactions from other kin, such as failing to uph old the same relationship. This particular concept tied into neighbors and society to form order and culture through the principles of how each member should be treated (Hashimi, 1997). The principles of Shurah are combined with the understanding of how the approaches to those in the community ultimately affect the decisions taken politically, specifically with the attributes affecting votes and activities within society. The principles are expected to affect the consultation, democracy and decisions which are made by those in society. If the respect and guidance is divided by the amount of respect and worth given to the family and then to kin and the community, then there is the ability to

Case study - holden australia - Marketing and Survey Research

- holden australia - Marketing and Survey Research - Case Study Example ative technologies to their car models or introduce a completely different product range so as to attract more of the Australian consumers towards their brand? Rationale: The major managerial problem was rapid failures in the new product development. Holden should have tried to determine the reason behind the failures of its new product developments. The company did not aim to understand the changing needs of the consumer market but focused only on profit growth which led to such an erroneous managerial decision. The new product development is a strategy that is adopted by a company when it intends to enter into new market with existing products. Customers nowadays focus on more on quality and new technology based products. The problem that resulted from the management’s decision was quitting the Australian market which somewhere was coincided with Holden’s failure in the local market. The flagship product of Holden was Commodore whose sales fell down by 9%. The vehicle manufacturing company was producing those cars that were not demanded by the consumers anymore. Commodore which had hit high sales three years ago was declini ng on the sales growth. Though the vehicle market was booming the locally made cars by Holden was failing miserable. The traditional small cars had hit high sales in the financial year but the locally made cars by Holden had seen a slump down in sales. The company was manufacturing different kind of products without being concerned of what was actually the demand of the Australian market. Then because of the problem faced by Holden the management decided to leave the Australian market. Holden’s key goals were to be the market leader of the vehicle manufacturing industry through the range of products it offered. Its aim was to acquire more of market share than to really understand what kind of modifications its product line required so as to support the changing consumer demand. The new product development strategy is adopted to sustain

Economic Issues Simulation Paper Essay Example for Free

Economic Issues Simulation Paper Essay The Castor Collins health plan is a health maintenance program (HMO) that was found in 1999 and has grown over the years. The company provides health insurance coverage through a system that involves a network of physicians and hospitals. Castor Collins Heath Plan uses the capitation model to fund its large distributed group of physicians and health care organizations. Castor Collins currently provides health care coverage to 100,000 subscribers and would like to increase their enrollees. It is the responsibility of the Vice President along with his most trusted advisers, Helen Feuerman, Chief Financial Officer, Jonathan Wilkes, Chief Medical Officer, and Adam Hunter, Executive Vice President, Planning and Development, to reach out to new clients; two in particular, E-Editors and Constructit. E-Editors The company E-Editors employs 1,600 individuals, 760 males and 840 females. The employee’s ages range from 35-54. Most of the employees with E-Editors are married so they will need to provide an affordable health care plan for their families. Looking at the kind of work involved for most of the employee’s, Castor Collins found that many of the individuals have a sedentary position. In fact, ninety-five percent of the employees at E-Editors have a position that requires long hours of sitting in front of a computer; the remaining five percent of the employees have positions that require physical activity. A thorough health screening was conducted by Castor Collins. Their findings were as followed, most of the employees who have sedentary positions had problems with their vision. Twenty two percent of the employees had no history of health issues. Twenty six percent of the employees are smokers, most of them revealing that they are considered heavy smokers, although none of employees that smoke reported any respiratory complications. The remaining forty- five percent of the employees are obese. Interestingly, the obesity is due to a sedentary job, poor eating habits, and little to no physical activity. These populations of employees are at risk for severe health complications and diseases. Constructit Constructit has 1,000 employees; 550 being male and 450 are females. The age group ranges from 26-42, and sixty percent of the employees are married. Fifty three percent of the employees have positions that require physical activity. Thirty-two percent of this group has high activity positions and twenty five percent have moderate activity positions. The remaining forty three percent of the employees have sedentary positions. The result from this groups health screening are as followed, thirty-eight percent of the employees have no preexisting health issues and are in good physical health. Ten percent of the employees are smokers. Thirty nine percent of the employees are considered obese, which is a high obesity rate. Some of the illnesses that were reported are digestive disorders, respiratory diseases, injuries, and allergies. Analysis of both groups It is Castor Collins job to find suitable health care plans that will benefit both companies, employees, and Castor Collins while keeping in mind to make it affordable and beneficial to all. They will need to evaluate the potential risks and assess the cost of premiums for both. All members of the team determined the best way for deciding would be best conducted by using the cost-benefit analysis system. â€Å"The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a set of techniques for assisting in the making of decisions that translates all relevant concerns into market (dollar) terms† (Gertzen Allen, 2007). The team must first consider the age, gender, and profiles of all employees. Secondly, decide the potential health risks, calculate premium and profit. Thirdly, decide what services will be covered and co-payments for these health plans. When taking into consideration the different health profiles of all employees’ obesity seemed to be an issue for both. This alone makes the population at high risk for health issues associated with obesity such as; heart diseases, strokes, and diabetes. E-editors seem to have a higher percentage of obesity and smokers putting them at a much higher risk with health issues. Outcome After evaluating the cost and benefits that go along with providing health insurance coverage to both E-Editors and Constructit, Castor Collins financial team decided that they would only be able to provide health insurance coverage to Constructit and not E-Editors. The reason for this decision is E-Editors have a higher percentage of employees that are at risk for developing chronic diseases. The team went ahead and presented an offer to Constructit and their employees. Castor Collins can offer their employees the Castor Standard plan, which the premium to be charged will be $3,428.00. The reasoning behind choosing this plan over the Castor Enhanced and the Castor Enhanced Minor is the premiums for each employee would be significantly lower than the Enhanced and Enhance Minor plans even though each employee was willing to pay a maximum of $4,000 for their annual premium. Also, Castor Standard does not cover preexisting health conditions, so this would be a low risk investment. Preexisting conditions can cost a company thousands of dollars and in the end not be beneficial to the company’s profits. If Castor Collins were to contemplate preexisting conditions a much higher premium may have to be considered. This is an advantage that can help keep the annual premiums down and still provide many other health coverage services. The premiums that Castor Collins will charge the employees at Constructit are much lower than anticipated, which means a lower profit return. This group is considered a lower health risk group so increasing premiums could create a possibility to make greater returns, but the outcome is still fitting. Conclusion Many hours of planning and development were considered for the final decision of adding Constructit and not E-editors as a client. The team made this decision by utilizing the CBA method and determining that Constructit would be low risk to provide health coverage too. The plan that was chosen Castor Standard will have a lower return but in the long run be beneficial to Castor Collins. The employees at Constructit will be able to afford the health coverage plan and look towards the future knowing they are insured and covered for any emergencies without draining the wallet. Castor Collins and Constructit will begin a rewarding journey that will benefit both companies in the end. The team based this decision on considering all the  necessary health profiles, risks, and premiums and comparing all of the facts between both companies. Reference Getzen, T. E., Moore, J. (2007). Health Care Economics: Principles and tools for the Health Care Industry. Hoboken,, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Effects of gambling on the society Essay Example for Free

Effects of gambling on the society Essay * For most people, gambling is a form of entertainment that is enjoyed responsibly. * Many Australians gamble in some form at least once a year, whether it’s an occasional flutter at the races, buying a lottery ticket, playing the pokies or a night out at the casino. * In 2009, 70 per cent of Australians participated in some form of gambling. * Australians spent more than $19 billion on gambling in 2008-09; around $12 billion of which was spent playing the pokies. PROBLEM GAMBLING * Some people can experience significant harm from gambling. Up to 500,000 Australians are at risk of becoming, or are, problem gamblers. * The social cost to the community of problem gambling is estimated to be at least $4. 7 billion a year. * The actions of one problem gambler negatively impacts the lives of between five and 10 others. This means there are up to five million Australians who could be affected by problem gambling each year, including friends, family and employers of people with a gambling problem. * Only around 15 per cent of problem gamblers seek help. PROBLEM GAMBLERS AND POKER MACHINES * One in six people who play the pokies regularly has a serious addiction. * Problem gamblers lose around $21,000 each year. That’s one third of the average Australian salary. * Some poker machines can be played at extremely high intensity – a gambler could lose more than $1,500 in just one hour. * Young people (18-24 year olds) spend more on poker machines than any other age group. Many adult problem gamblers report having developed gambling problems during their teenage years (source: Delfabbro, P, Gambling Research Australia, A review of Australian Gambling Research, August 2008, p61). * Three-quarters of problem gamblers have problems with poker machines. It’s even higher for women – in 9 out of 10 cases poker machines are identified as the cause of problems for women (source: Delfabbro, P, August 2008, p67). IMPACT OF PROBLEM GAMBLING * Problem gamblers are six times more likely to be divorced than non problem gamblers (source: Thomas, S, and Jackson, A, Report to beyondblue, Risk and Protective Factors: Depression and comorbidities in problem gambling, 2008). * Problem gamblers are four times more likely to have problems with alcohol and four times as likely to smoke daily than non problem gamblers (source: Thomas, S, and Jackson, A, 2008). * Children with parents who are problem gamblers are up to 10 times more likely to become problem gamblers themselves than children with non gambling parents (source: The Problem Gambling Treatment and Research Centre, Children at risk of developing problem gambling, May 2010). FACTS MYTHS ABOUT PROBLEM GAMBLING IN AUSTRALIA * PDF [266KB] | DOC [66KB] References on this website are from the following publications: Productivity Commission 2010,Gambling, Report no. 50, Canberra; and Productivity Commission 1999, Australia’s Gambling Industries, Report no. 10, AusInfo, Canberra, unless otherwise identified.

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics Essay

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Wages are determined by both the supply and demand of particular type of labour. The factors which influence wages are supply, price, skill, experience, ability, reputation. The wages theories have important policy implications and applicable for some of the definite occupations or line of work, none of these is adequate as a general theory having universal applicability. The economic theories of wages fail to provide a complete explanation of the problem of wage determination. Studies conducted by behavioral scientists to some extent fill the gaps in the earlier theories, which have highlighted the importance of psychological and sociological factors on wages. The key issues developed by economic and behavioral theorists are briefly reviewed in this chapter. THEORIES OF COMPENSATION Compensation theories mainly divided into two parts: Economic theory Behavioral theory Economic theory consist the following and described as under: SUBSISTENCE THEORY (Given by DAVID RICARDO in 1772-1823) David Ricardo, in his famous book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation propounded the subsistence theory of wages: Ricardo states that the price of labour depends upon subsistence of labour. The theory was based on the assumption that if the workers were paid more than subsistence wage, their numbers of labour would increase as they would reproduce more; and this would bring low the rate of compensation. If the rate of compensation decreased below the subsistence level, the number of workers would reduced as many would die because of lack of food or hunger, increased inability due to scarcity of nutrition, abnormal health conditions, cold, etc. and many of them could not marry because they fell that they could not able to accept the responsibility . This will result in decreased labour supply, which will lastly be same like as the demand for it. Ricardo viewed that the market price of labour could not vary from the subsistence level for a long time. For this reason, the subs istence wage theory was also known as the Iron Law of Wages. THE SURPLUS VALUE THEORY (Given by KARL MARX in 1818-1883) This theory owes its development to Karl Marx. According to this theory, the labour was an article of trade, which could be purchased on payment of subsistence price. Marx in many ways is closer to Ricardo in his approach to the question of value for labour power. He accepted Ricardos view that the market price of labour power could not for long depart from the value of the subsistence which is required for the maintenance of that labour power. He, however, viewed that it was not the tendency of population, which brought wages to the subsistence level, but it was the tendency in the capitalist system to chronic unemployment and the existence of industrial reserve army, which drove wages to the subsistence level. Labour supply always cared for the excess of the demand for it of capitalist wage system. The capitalist was in a position to force the worker to spend more time of his job than what was necessary to earn his subsistence wage. Product price was set or fixed by the total time needed for generating the output by the labour. The price of any product was determined by the labour time needed for producing it. According to Marx, the labour did not receive complete remuneration for the time he spent on their work place or job. Marx, however, held the view that the introduction of trade union bargaining and similar interferences could stop the tendency of wages falling to their minimum level and even reverse it. THE WAGES FUND THEORY (Given by ADAM SMITH in 1723-1790) This theory was propounded by Adam Smith. His basic assumption was that wages are paid out of money which lay surplus with wealthy persons as a result of savings. It was the size of the fund, which determined the demand for labour and the wages paid to them. According to wages fund theory, wages are determined by: (a) the wage fund or part of working capital which has been increased for getting the labour work; and (b) the number of workers seeking employment. The wage fund was assumed to be fixed and it does not change. Any change in wage rate, because of increase or decrease in the size of labour getting job opportunity. The wages fund theory based on the productivity of labour and profitability of any organization it shows that increased in the savings increased in the wages, it may change after the fixed tenure. Increase in remuneration could help to increase the efficiency of labour, it would presumably augment the employers demand for that labour. Hence, a rise in wage level not only influences the supply conditions of labour but also causes a shift in the demand for labour. This is quite opposite to the assumption made by the theory that the demand for labour is fixed. THE MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY THEORY (Given by J.B.CLARCK) This theory was propounded by Phillips Henry Wicksteed (England) and John Bates Clark (USA). According to this theory, compensation are based upon an entrepreneurs calculation of the rate that will probably be acquire by the marginal worker. The marginal productivity theory pretended that there was a certain quantity of worker received the job and the remuneration value at which this worker could secure employment in a competitive labour market was equal to the addition to total production that resulted from employing the marginal unit of that labour force. It was also pretended that production is carried out under the conditions of diminishing returns to labour. The principle of diminishing marginal productivity postulates that the contribution of each additional unit of labour would be less than that of the unit previously hired. Therefore, inspite of the fact that the productivity of the individual labourer may be higher than that of the marginal labourer, he will not be paid more than what the marginal labourer will get. In the short run wage rate can be both higher and lower than the marginal revenue productivity of labourers, but in the long run it gets equalised with the marginal revenue productivity of labourers. If the prevailing wage rate is lower than marginal productivity, it will be profitable for the employers and the resulting competition among employers to employ more workers will tend to raise the wages. On the contrary, if the prevailing wage rate is higher than the marginal productivity, the employment of marginal workers will yield him losses and he would stop employing them. This will result in competition among workers for jobs, which would lower the wages. Thus in the long run the equilibrium wage rate will become equal to the marginal revenue productivity of labour. The marginal productivity theory is considered superior to the earlier theories on wages. THE BARGAINING THEORY (Given by JOHN DAVIDESON) John Davidson propounded this theory. He argued that the wages and time period of work were ultimately defineds by the relative bargaining power between the employers and the employees. According to this theory, there is a top limit and a lower limit of compensation and the actual wage rates in between these limits are set or calculated by the bargaining power of the employers and the employees. The upper limit could be the highest wages that the employers would be willing to pay beyond which they will incur losses resulting from high labour costs. The lower limit could be either the minimum wages prescribed under the statute or the strength of the workers at the necessary remuneration below which they will not be ready for work. DEMAND AND SUPPLY THEORY (Given by MARSHALL) This theory is given by Marshall. He assumed the whole set of factors which govern demand for and supply of labour affected the determination of wages. It is therefore necessary to understand the various factors, which influence the demand for and supply of labour. The employers demand for labour is dependent on a number of factors such as the demand for his/her product, availability of other factors of production (the most important being the supply of capital), the level of technological progress, etc. The demand price of labour is determined by the marginal productivity of individual worker. Supply of manpower can be stated in a number of senses. First, it refers to the number of workers getting job and the workers with no alternative for survival, join the labour market for getting the job for wages. Secondly, it may be the number of hours or given time period for which each worker is ready for doing job. Finally, the supply of labour varies with the intensity of work. The supply of labour tends to increase if the workers work harder than before. Thus, Wage rates are influenced by a number of factors governing the demand for and supply of labour. The marginal productivity of labour, determines its demand price. It is the standard of living of workers that plays an important role in the determination of supply price of labour. The actual wage rate is determined at that level where the demand for and supply of labour are equal. In real world, however, labour markets are generally non-competitive. The wage levels expected to result from the free interaction of demand and supply are often modified by the resistance from workers to accept wages below the subsistence level; trade union action, government intervention in wage fixation, and immobility of workers. PURCHASING POWER THEORY (Given by PIGOUN) In the book General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money explained the concept of purchasing power. According to him, wage is not only the cost of production to the employer but also an income for the labour. The same workers and their families consume a major part of the products of the industry. Hence, if the earning of the labour is high they will have more consuming power, which would help to higher the aggregate demand for goods and also a high level of output. On the other hand, if the wage rates were low, their purchasing power would be less, which would bring about a decrease in the aggregate demand. This will have an adverse effect on the levels of employment and output. According to Keynes, unemployment and depression will further add to the problem. Therefore, a cut in wage national income falls; it would have an adverse effect on employment rate. According to the Keynesian Theory, fill employment is a function of national income; the higher the level of national income the greater the volume of employment and both income and employment are determined by effective demand. Hence, if the national income falls, it would have an adverse effect on employment. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE THEORY Economists specializing in international trade argued about countries, industries and companies competing on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour Employers are known to move to areas where labour is cheap, be it within a country or across countries. Subject to internal and external constraints, labour also tends to show a tendency to move to areas, which pay higher value for their skills and effort. In recent years, however, there is pressure on countries and companies competing on the basis of cheap labour to ensure compliance with minimum core labour standards concerning minimum age, freedom of association, right to collective bargaining forced labour and non-discrimination. LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORIES 1. According to Subsistence theory, the assumption that the supply of labour is perfectly elastic at the subsistence wage level is incorrect. The theory does not consider wage differentials, which are bound to exist across regions. 2. The subsistence theory ignores the importance of the role of the demand for labour and the role of trade unions in wage determination. 3. Economic theories either assume that wages and prices are either fully fixed or fully flexible. The reality lies somewhere in between. 4. Most wage theories are based on the assumption of full employment. In most developing countries this is not really the case. 5. Labour is not as mobile as capital and products are. Therefore wage rates could be influenced by the changes in the demand for and supply of factors other than labour too. 6. Wages and benefits reflect industry characteristics and personal characteristics (including skill differentials) as well as societal preferences and prejudices. 8. Interference by government and trade unions could minimize the influence of the market forces of demand and supply of labour. 9. Technology and productivity are major determinants. Low wages may not mean low wage costs. Similarly high wage rates may not mean high unit labour costs. 10. With the growing pressure for linking labour standards with international trade, increasingly it will become difficult (for countries, industries and companies) to compete on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour. BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES AND RELEVANT ISSUES Behavior means naturally reaction or movement to the environment and yourself. Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do your work will through the possibility of gain or reward. Remuneration of every worker has a behavioral objective and seeks to fulfill the survival need (physiological or psychological) to fulfill the goals. Luthans argues that `motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal. Compensation policy are targeted at rewarding manpower for their skill, talent, performance, effort, responsibility and working conditions and increase their morale for efficient performance. Behavioral theories are divided into three categories:- Content theories Process theories, and Contemporary theories CONTENT THEORIES The content theories explain what inspires manpower at their jobs. Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer gives their significant contribution to content theories. These are as follows:- 1.HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: Abraham Maslow proposed the first theory called the hierarchy of needs theory. He proposed five needs of any people in needs hierarchy physiological or basic need (food, shelter, clothing), safety need (emotional and physical safety health insurance, pension), social need (affection and belongingness to society), Self-esteem need (power, achievement, status, etc.), and self- actualization (personal growth, realization of potential). Maslow believed that within every individual, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and each level of need must be satisfied before an individual pursues the next higher level of need. As an individual progresses trough the various levels of needs, the proceeding needs loose their motivational value. 2.TWO FACTOR THEORY OF MOTIVATION: Herzberg extended work of Maslow and developed a specific content theory of work motivation. Factors of this motivational theory divided into two categories: Intrinsic cand Extrinsic. Interinsic factors are the motivators (satisfiers) for the workforce and, Exterinsic factorsar the hygiene factors (dissatisfiers). Intrinsic remuneration are motivators or satisfiers work for satisfy workers related to job content. It includes success, identification, responsibility, work enrichment, and works enlargement. Extrinsic remuneration are hygiene factors and helps to reduce the dissatisfaction on the job. It includes company rules regulation and administration, supervision, co-ordination, salary structure, interpersonal relations, working environment 3.ERG THEORY: Clayton Alderfer identified 3 groups of core needs; they are- Existence, Relatedness and Growth. (a) The existence needs are concerned with survival. (b) The connected needs and the importance of interpersonal and social relationship. (c) The growth needs are concerned with individuals intrinsic desire for personal development. Based on a persons background and social environment, one set of needs may precede over others. The job of Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer are related to content theories. They give useful theories but have limited implications for policy and practice. PROCESS THEORIES Process theories were examined by performance of Vroom (on valence and expectancy) and Porter and Lawer (performance-satisfaction linkage). They look at the related procedingss that go into motivation or effort, particularly the way they relate to one another. EXPECTANCY THEORY: Victor Vroom developed expectancy theory under process theory based on the abstract of valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Valence states to an individuals orientation for a individual result. For instance, most old employees perceives value benefits against fewer, if any, younger employee in todays knowledge industry, single (unmarried) workers with fewer family responsibility have less or no need for benefits like childrens education, health benefits, leave travel allowance etc. than older, married employees with one or more children. Instrumentality refers that a people would be inspired to give better performance in anticipation of promotion. Expectancy states that the degree of chances accor to a particular activity or process or effort will lead to particular first-level results on the other hand, Instrumentality states to the degree of chances that relates first-level results and desired second-level results. In simple words, Motivation is a -function of valence and expectancy. According to Vrooms concept it can be interpreted that: manpower gives to the organization what it needs from people, higher performance and in exchange they expect promotion. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES The contemporary theories describe the modern concept of how people motivates at work. These include Equity and Attribution theories. These are explained as follows:- 1. EQUITY THEORY J. Stacy Adams, developed by equity theory, and give their views that primary input on job performance and satisfaction on the basis of equity that people fells in their working conditions. Inequity comes in existence when a manpower feels that the ratio of his or her results to inputs and the ratio of a relevant others results to inputs are imbalanced. Equity can be stated in two elements. One is internal and other is external. Internal equity states that the imbalance in the remuneration between the several skills or talent and responsibility level among the various manpower. Internal equity is determined through job evaluation. External equity states that when remuneration levels for same skills levels in one organization compare with other workers in any different organization in same industry and geographical region. External equity is determined usually through compensation surveys or interview and compensation satisfaction surveys. Companies, which pay remuneration at lower rate than the market rates, would be in problem to attract, retain and inspire manpower to perform with full efficiency. Our manpower doesnt perceive happiness when they get lower remuneration than what they deserve. When an employee gets remuneration at higher rates than what he/she considers is fair. Now the question is that to check out what they are receiving, what they deserve and what is fair for our manpower to maintain balance or equity in compensation system. 2.ATTRIBUTION THEORY: This theory is contributed by Fritz Heider, Lewin and Festinger. They assume that people are rational and logical in their behavior and that both inter and outer forces get composed additively to conclude behaviour. People will behave differently if they realize that their results are controlled or supervised more internally than externally. This theory has great efficiency for understanding organizational behaviour and contributes deep insights on goal setting, leadership behaviour and diagnosing causal factors of employee performance. QUESTIONS:- 1. Explain the importance of the theory of wages. 2. What are the different types of theory of wages? Explain in detail. 3. Are wages determined only on the basis of the demand and supply of labour? 4. Explain the significance of behavioural theories in Wages determination? 5. What are the limitations that arise while wages determination in economic theories?

differences and similarities between huckleberry finn and tom sawyer :: Free Essays

The similarities and differences between Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are two novels that focus on the lives of two different young men living in the same town. Both young men are the main characters of each novel. Tom’s character was based much on the life of the author Mark Twain. Both lost their mother at a young age and both were too smart for their own good. The novels are similar and different in many ways. One way that they are similar are the titles. Both titles give us an idea that the book is about two different boy’s adventure. Another way is their faith both boys reject religion. Huck reason is that when he prayed for what he wanted, he didn’t get anything so he thinks Christian faith and praying is pointless. Both boys personalities are very different practically opposites. Tom is a very unpredictable, uncooperative, and lazy ch ild with a carefree attitude who gets a thrill out of fighting and playing. He is very intelligent for his age even though he smoked. He’s a mischievous child who lives by the quote â€Å"Work consists of whatever a body is obliged to do, and that play consists of whatever a body is not obliged to do † if there’s something wrong to be done he’s going to be doing it. Deep down inside is a boy who has a very low self esteem and trys to hide it. Tom feels unloved even though he has a family and whenever he feels unloved he imagines his own funeral and questions his existence. Probably that’s the reason why he a troubled child he doesn’t feel that he’s living for any good reason, so he might as well be bad.

Jeffersonian Republicans Vs. Federalists Essay -- essays research pape

As the young colonies of America broke away from their mother country and began to grow and develop into an effective democratic nation, many changes occurred. As the democracy began to grow, two main political parties developed, the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Federalists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each party had different views on how the government should be run. The Jeffersonian Republicans believed in strong state governments, a weak central government, and a strict construction of the Constitution. The Federalists opted for a powerful central government with weaker state governments, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Throughout the years, the political parties have grown, developed, and even dispersed into totally new factions. Many of the inconsistencies and changes can be noted throughout the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Thomas Jefferson entered office in 1800, he came in with lots of new ideas and goals as the president. Jefferson believed in a smaller central government with stronger state governments. He was a Republican and favored the view of strict construction. He believed that, â€Å"Our country is too large to have all its affairs directed by a single government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document A). Jefferson and his Republican party believed in a government that was going to work for the people and that was going to have them at its best interests. That is why they believed in having stronger state governments, they were closer to home and to the people they were governing, therefore they knew more of what the public needed. Document B also refers to strict construction and Jefferson’s beliefs. It talks about the freedoms that were stated in the constitution, mainly, the freedom of religion. Jefferson believes that the federal government should not have any say in dea ling with religion of the people. The Republicans believed that any law stated in the Constitution should be strictly followed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Jefferson’s presidency wore on, the Jeffersonian Republican beliefs began drifting farther away from the original ideals they began with. Some of the decisions made by Jefferson proved to follow the loose construction of the Constitution of the Federalists. When he made the decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory, he never obtained congressional approval. He... ...ter the country as a whole. John Randolph, a Democratic Republican of the time even suggested that the Jeffersonian Republicans were taking on the old Federalism principles during Madison’s term. Document F explains how, â€Å"this government created and gave power to Congress to regulate commerce†¦not to lay a duty but with a steady eye to revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the country grows and matures into a great nation, people realize that change is inevitable and sometimes even needed. Within the time period of 1802 to 1817, many Jeffersonian Republicans realized that their ideals and principles weren’t always best for the nation. That is why they adopted some of the ideals of the old Federalist Party. Also, during this time, the Federalists died out. As realized after the Hartford Convention, the nation did not need nor want the Federalists anymore if the Democratic Republicans could get the job done. Although people changed a great deal during this time, it seemed to be beneficial to the nation. If people had not grown and never continued to learn and aspire to what is needed, then we may have never gotten to this great nation that the United States of America is today. Jeffersonian Republicans Vs. Federalists Essay -- essays research pape As the young colonies of America broke away from their mother country and began to grow and develop into an effective democratic nation, many changes occurred. As the democracy began to grow, two main political parties developed, the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Federalists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each party had different views on how the government should be run. The Jeffersonian Republicans believed in strong state governments, a weak central government, and a strict construction of the Constitution. The Federalists opted for a powerful central government with weaker state governments, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Throughout the years, the political parties have grown, developed, and even dispersed into totally new factions. Many of the inconsistencies and changes can be noted throughout the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Thomas Jefferson entered office in 1800, he came in with lots of new ideas and goals as the president. Jefferson believed in a smaller central government with stronger state governments. He was a Republican and favored the view of strict construction. He believed that, â€Å"Our country is too large to have all its affairs directed by a single government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document A). Jefferson and his Republican party believed in a government that was going to work for the people and that was going to have them at its best interests. That is why they believed in having stronger state governments, they were closer to home and to the people they were governing, therefore they knew more of what the public needed. Document B also refers to strict construction and Jefferson’s beliefs. It talks about the freedoms that were stated in the constitution, mainly, the freedom of religion. Jefferson believes that the federal government should not have any say in dea ling with religion of the people. The Republicans believed that any law stated in the Constitution should be strictly followed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Jefferson’s presidency wore on, the Jeffersonian Republican beliefs began drifting farther away from the original ideals they began with. Some of the decisions made by Jefferson proved to follow the loose construction of the Constitution of the Federalists. When he made the decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory, he never obtained congressional approval. He... ...ter the country as a whole. John Randolph, a Democratic Republican of the time even suggested that the Jeffersonian Republicans were taking on the old Federalism principles during Madison’s term. Document F explains how, â€Å"this government created and gave power to Congress to regulate commerce†¦not to lay a duty but with a steady eye to revenue†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the country grows and matures into a great nation, people realize that change is inevitable and sometimes even needed. Within the time period of 1802 to 1817, many Jeffersonian Republicans realized that their ideals and principles weren’t always best for the nation. That is why they adopted some of the ideals of the old Federalist Party. Also, during this time, the Federalists died out. As realized after the Hartford Convention, the nation did not need nor want the Federalists anymore if the Democratic Republicans could get the job done. Although people changed a great deal during this time, it seemed to be beneficial to the nation. If people had not grown and never continued to learn and aspire to what is needed, then we may have never gotten to this great nation that the United States of America is today.

police :: essays research papers fc

C.B.P. is working, we need to know; are we solving problems instead of reacting to them? Are police officers encouraged to leave their patrol cars and cooperate with the public? Do we have streets free of drug dealers, rowdy teenagers, soliciting prostitutes, predatory criminals, graffiti or drive by shootings? In conclusion C.B.P. is striving to build stronger more self sufficient communities, in which, crime and disorder do not thrive. Effective C.B.P. has a positive impact on reducing neighborhood crime, helps reduce fear of crime, and enhances the quality of life in the community; It accomplishes this by combining the efforts and the resources of the police, local government, and community members. Crime prevention takes on renewed importance in C.B.P. AND the community becomes a partner to law enforcement in order to address disorder and neglect or other problems that can breed serious crime. As links between the police and the community are strengthened over time, the partnership is better able to pinpoint and mitigate the underlying causes of crime. Following all these principles we can at least attain a new sense of community and at best we can make true the vision of Sir Robert Peel â€Å"It should be understood at the outset that the object to be attained is the prevention of crime. To this, great and every effort, of the police is to be directed. The security of person and property and the preservation of a police establishment will thus be better affected than by the detection and punishment of the offender after he has succeeded in committing the crime† . . . (Braiden 120) WORKS CITED Braiden, Chris. â€Å"Enriching traditional police roles† Police management: Issues and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perspectives.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington, DC. Police executive research forum 1992, Pg. 108,120 Eck, John E. and William Spelman,† Problem solving: Problem oriented policing† in Newport   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  News. Washington, DC: Police executive research forum, 1987 Pg xvi-xvii Kelling, George L. and Mark H, Moore â€Å"The evolving strategy of policing† Perspectives on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  policing .Washington, DC : National Institute of Justice and John F. Kennedy School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Government. Harvard University Pg 4-5 Kelling, L. George â€Å" Measuring what matters :a new way of thinking about crime and public   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  order†.The city Journal, Spring 1992, Pg 21-22 Moore H. Mark and Geoffrey Albert â€Å" Measuring police performance â€Å" in John Dijulio Sr, et al Justice System Performance measures :Princeton University Bureau of justice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  discussion series (forthcoming) Moore H. Mark and Malcolm K. Sparrow, David MacKennedy ABeyond 911: A new era for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  policing.

Potato Powered Computer

CHAPTER IIâ€Å"Review of Related Literature and Studies†Presented in chapter is a synthesis of research that supports the evaluation and explains the importance and advantages in using the potato-powered battery. Many questions about potato-powered battery are explained in this study. Thus, this study is a complete overview about potato-powered battery.Literaturea) Foreign Two metals – an anode, which is the negative electrode, such as zinc, and a cathode, the positively charged electrode, such as copper. The acid inside the potato forms a chemical reaction with the zinc and copper, and when the electrons flow from one material to another, energy is released. (Galvani, 1780)The potato serves as a solid state salt bridge. The advantage is in the convenience of a solid component with a naturally generated composition. The quantity of potatoes needed for the salt bridge function is negligible relative to food consumption. The wearable material is the Zn. In fact with prop er studies it may turn out that the migration of Zn ions into the potato may provide nutritional benefits to the potato slice used in the battery. Therefore no food is wasted. Furthermore, as mentioned in the paper, while the potato may be optimal because it is widely available, every tuber or solid plant material could be used as a solid state bridge. Nevertheless, reducing the internal impedance of the salt bridge through actions such as boiling is crucial to increasing efficiency. (Becker, 2010)Electrical flow from potatoes — long known to be natural electrolytes — can be enhanced tenfold when their cell membranes are deliberately ruptured by boiling. To demonstrate, the researchers created a series of batteries out of slices of boiled Desiree potatoes about the size of a standard mobile phone, though they say the type and size of potato slice do not determine its power. (Kirchhoff, 2003)The study reveals that a single boiled potato battery with zinc and copper elec trodes generates portable energy at an estimated $9 per kilowatt hour, which is 50-fold cheaper than a typical 1.5 volt AA alkaline cell or D cell battery, which can cost $49–84 per kilowatt hour. It’s also an estimated six times cheaper than standard kerosene lamps used in the developing world. (Rabinowitch, 2010)The holy grail of renewable energy research may lie in the cooking pot, according to scientists. The search for a cheap source of electricity for remote, off-grid communities, has led to batteries that work on freshly boiled potatoes. One slice of potato can generate 20 hours of light, and several slices could provide enough energy to power simple medical equipment and even a low-power computer. (Hebrew University, 2010)b) Local A charity which promotes technology for development, said: â€Å"With half the world's population having no access to modern energy, this research is a valuable contribution to one of the biggest challenges in the world†. But i s concerned about the limited amount of power that individual batteries can generate and the possible implications of diverting a food crop into energy production. (Sanchez, 2010)The holy grail of renewable energy research may lie in the cooking pot, according to scientists. The search for a cheap source of electricity for remote, off-grid communities, has led to batteries that work on freshly boiled potatoes. One slice of potato can generate 20 hours of light, and several slices could provide enough energy to power simple medical equipment and even a low-power computer, said a research team from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.â€Å"The technology is ready to go,† co-researcher Haim Rabinowitch told SciDev.Net. â€Å"It should take an interested body only a short while, and very little investment, to make this available to communities in need.† The team, which described its work in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy earlier this month (7 June), said its work hinges on a recent discovery that the electrical flow from potatoes — long known to be natural electrolytes — can be enhanced tenfold when their cell membranes are deliberately ruptured by boiling.To  demonstrate, the researchers created a series of batteries out of slices of boiled Desiree potatoes about the size of a standard mobile phone, though they say the type and size of potato slice do not determine its power. The device had the same basic components as conventional batteries, consisting of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte (the potato). Each battery powered a small light for 20 hours, after which a new slice could be inserted. Potato batteries are estimated to generate energy at a cost of approximately US$9 per kilowatt hour (kW/h), which compares favourably with the best performing 1.5 volt (AA) alkaline cells — or D cells — which generate energy at US$50/kWh.Banana and strawberry batteries could also be used, said Rabi nowitch, but their softer tissues would weaken the structure of the battery and the sugars could attract insects. â€Å"Potatoes were chosen because of their availability all over including the tropics and sub-tropics,† he said. They are the world's fourth most abundant food crop.† (Dacey,2010)Energy technology and policy advisor at Practical Action, a charity which promotes technology for development, said: â€Å"With half the world's population having no access to modern energy, this research is a valuable contribution to one of the biggest challenges in the world†.(Sanchez,2010)Potato electricity is a good idea in regions where potatoes are grown in plenty. Regions like western Uganda where potatoes rot due to the inability to transport them to urban areas in time for sale, the idea can work perfectly well. If the people are sensitized, excess food crop can be converted in electricity. (Makara,2010)I find it extraordinary that people should find this obvious m ove forward in renewable resources not only innovative and creative but also potentially effective to global community if it is taken seriously. All renewable resources were considered marginal and off-beat when they first came to being. Now they are part of our everyday lives. Give this the same respect. (Elecsolar,2011)Studiesa) ForeignCompared to kerosene lamps used in many developing parts of the world, the system can provide equivalent lighting at one-sixth the cost; it's estimated to be somewhere around $9 per kilowatt hour and a D cell battery, for another point of comparison, can run as much as $84 per kilowatt hour. (Rabinowitch)By simply boiling the potatoes for eight minutes, it broke down the organic tissues inside the potatoes, reducing resistance and allowing for freer movement of electrons– thus producing more energy. They also increased the energy output by slicing the potato into four or five pieces, each sandwiched by a copper and zinc plate, to make a serie s. â€Å"We found we could improve the output 10 times, which made it interesting economically, because the cost of energy drops down.† (Golberg, 2009)There are also other similarly treated vegetables could provide an immediate, environmental friendly and inexpensive solution to many of the low power energy needs in areas of the world lacking access to electrical infrastructure. (Rubinsky, 2010)The long-keeping humble potatoes in particular are a good energy source since they are produced in 130 countries over a wide range of climates, from temperate zones to the subtropics- more than any other crop worldwide, but corn, and thus available year round almost anywhere. (Willington, 2010)Banana and strawberry batteries could also be used, but their softer tissues would weaken the structure of the battery and the sugars could attract insects. Potatoes were chosen because of their availability all over including the tropics and sub-tropics,†. They are the world's fourth most abundant food crop.† (Rabinowitch, 2009)b) Local Good news meets you rural folks as well as field workers, as research & development discovered the positive usable energy stored in potato that can  be used for micro-instruments. The cooking pot surely promises lots for those living in hinterlands, as boiled potato was shown to exhibit positive energy capacities. That is, just to stress, when potato is boiled. Potato is eventually available everywhere, which explains why it was chosen among diverse agri products for the research & development project. From rural to urban markets, potatoes can be found. They comprise the 4th most abundant agricultural products. (Argonza,2012)Believe it or not you can make a battery from a potato. Though this is a neat trick for a science project, it is probably not practical for powering your alarm clock. The chemicals in the potato juice react much in the same way that battery acid does and can generate electricity. (www.miniscience.com/proje cts/PotatoElectricity)The potato battery can generate energy five to 50 times less expensive than commercial batteries. â€Å"The ability to provide electrical power with such simple and natural means could benefit millions of people in the developing world, literally bringing light and telecommunication to their life in areas currently lacking electrical infrastructure.† (http://www.shalomlife.com/news/13016/israelis-develop-boiled-potato-batteries/)The team found that boiling the potato before implementing it electrically increased its power up to 10 times over the unboiled potato, allowing the battery to last for days or even weeks. Potatoes are internationally available year-round, able to grow in a variety of different climates, and are one of the cheapest sources of non-grain starches available. Now, not only do potatoes provide energy to our physical bodies, but they have the potential to provide energy for the use of electrical implements, as well. (Harreetz)

Alfred Adler and His Personality Theory

Alfred Adler was born in the suburbs of Vienna to a grain merchant and his wife on the 7th February 1870. He was the third child and second son of his parents. He could not walk until the age of four due to his lingering rickets. At the age of five, he went down with a chronic pneumonia which nearly took his life, and on recovery, resolved to become a medical doctor, even at the very young age.He retained this ambition throughout his school years, although he was merely an averagely clever student who, due to a period of lack of seriousness with and loss of commitment to his studies, tended towards becoming a dullard. This tendency made his teacher write him off as one not cut out for academic success— and his woeful performance at Mathematics seemed to testify to this pronouncement. However, his father’s belief in his abilities and his own self-assurance and self-esteem spurred him on to renewed commitment and revival.He proved his teacher’s pronouncement wrong: Not only did he rise to become the best Mathematics student, he pursued his medical ambition to the University of Vienna where he achieved his medical degree. During his schooling years, Adler was â€Å"quite outgoing, popular and active† (Boeree, George, 2006).He had a strong personality and firm resolution (qualities which explain why he could sustain and realize his medical ambition in the face of his teacher’s despise and pessimism). Adler began his medical career as an opthamologist, but later turned to general medical practice.He established his office somewhere in the lower class part of Vienna, across from an amusement park-cum-circus. Most of his clients and patients were circus performers. This fact gave him the opportunity to observe, study and investigate their unusual strengths and weaknesses, which they demonstrated through their relative physiological resistances and tolerance, leading him to the formulation of a theory he termed â€Å"organic inferior ities and compensations†. He later switched to psychiatry and joined Freud’s discussion group.In this group, he got the opportunity to develop and articulate his organic theory, to which Freud agreed; however, his subsequent theory of the aggression instinct were against Frend’s beliefs, just as was his suggestion that the sexual notions which Freud upheld should be taken figuratively rather than literally.Alfred Adler sought to investigate the human personality and behaviour: what fundamentally made up the human personality and what made all human beings behave the way they did, irrespective of their backgrounds, individualities, privileges or lack of them.His conclusions, he formulated as a theory of personality In the course of the Second World War, Alfred became a Physician for the Austrian army, first serving on the Russian front before moving to the children’s hospital. This change gave him the opportunity for a first-hand observation of the war vict ims and causalities.It probably was the shock and horror from these direct observations that made him develop an interest in the concept of social interest, coming to the conclusion that â€Å"if humanity was to survive, it had to change its ways. † (George B, 2006).In 1926, he went to the United States to work as a lecturer. He died of heart attack in 1937 in the course of his lecturing.ALFRED ADLER’S PERSONALITY THEORYAlfred Adler’s theory of personality offers the underlying motivation not only of all human behavior but also for the development of the human personality. He postulated ‘a single â€Å"drive† or motivating force behind all our behavior and experience’ (Boeree, 2006). He believed that every human action, rational or irrational, arises out of an urge for perfection, out of an underlying desire for the attainment of some ideal.However, because he believed no two human beings are exactly alike, even in their responses to this â⠂¬Å"single† drive, he called this theory â€Å"Individual Psychology. † The â€Å"ideal†, also termed â€Å"perfection†, however, points to an ultimate image of himself that every individual often unconsciously harbors as the goal to which he or she must attain.Adler termed this ultimate image â€Å"fictional finalism† (Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 2007). Thus, every human action or behavior, according to Adler, is an attempt to draw nearer to the realization of his or her potentials and, ultimately, to realization of the â€Å"fictional finalism†.This attempt, which he called â€Å"striving for perfection†, is sometimes referred to as â€Å"striving for superiority† (Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 2007) ,to give it the suggestion of something attainable and realizable, and to distinguish it from the impracticality of idealism and perfectionism (â€Å"in psychology, [idealism and perfectionism]) are often given a rather negative connot ation. Perfection and ideals are, practically by definition, things you can't reach. Many people, in fact, live very sad and painful lives trying to be perfect!† ([Boeree, 2006]).â€Å"Superiority† in the above context refers to a state or situation towards which every human action is directed—be it the satisfaction of a physical instinct, meeting financial or cultural obligations or working towards the realization of a political objective.A â€Å"superiority† or â€Å"betterment† is always in view, motivating the action. ‘According to Adler â€Å"We all wish to overcome difficulties. We all strive to reach a goal by the attainment of which we shall feel strong, superior, and complete. â€Å"’ (Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 2007).The striving towards â€Å"superiority† is therefore driven by the fundamental and all-inspiring striving towards the realization of â€Å"fictional finalism†. The â€Å"fictional finalism† i s the hidden force that drives, motivates, informs and decides. It induces the urge for self-improvement. It is the spirit of all actions, however commonplace or ordinary, the heart of every aspiration, determining the range of all material or immaterial acquisitions— of all â€Å"treasures†: it defines them and â€Å"draws them to itself† in an attempt towards self-fulfillment and self- realization. Thus, â€Å"Where your treasure is, there will your heart also be† (Mathew 6:21).ASPECTS OF ALFRED ALDER’S THEORYFour aspects of Alder Alfred’s theory have been identified: The development of personality, striving towards superiority, psychological health and unity of personality (Fisher, 2001).THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITYThe development of personality begins in childhood, with the â€Å"striving for superiority† referred to above and the at-first unconscious attempts towards the realization of potentials: â€Å"children observe more c ompetent elders around them and this motivates them to acquire new skills and develop new talents (Weiten, 1992, p. 484). † (Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 2007).These attempts at acquisition of new skills and development of new talents, Adler attributes to a healthy feeling of inferiority – inferiority to the elders who have cultivated and now exhibit such skills and talents, and who now stand to be â€Å"looked up to† ( being â€Å"superior†) by the children. With time, as the potentials develop, and age and physical maturity advance, fictional finalism in the developing child makes itself increasingly felt, with such fundamental accompanying manifestations as the urge for self-assertion and the associated desire to have to control over one’s life, enjoying freedom of individuality.â€Å"People [become] focused on maintaining control over their lives. † (Fisher, 2001). These manifestations are perhaps better recognized in such phenomena later in the child’s life as: an uncompromising choice of career or life partner; inflexible pursuits of a political or sport ambition, or the devotion to some preoccupying or obsessing religious or even recreational cause.Interference or intrusion in the pursuit of these individual assertions of personality are naturally resisted by the man or woman in question, because hand in hand with the self-assertive realizations of the fictional- finalism urges goes a desire to retain control over one’s life. Acquiescing to such interferences is, therefore, unnatural for a personality.STRIVING TOWARDS SUPERIORITYSuperiority, according to Adler Alfred, is not â€Å"superior over, not competition† (Adler Alfred’s â€Å"individual Psychology†).It is, rather, a healthy urge towards self-fulfillment and self-actualization.. Every endeavor, every attempt to achieve or merely to do something is, consequently, an attempt to attain to higher or â€Å"superior† levels of personality development—an â€Å"upward movement† or â€Å"ascent† to a better situation or condition of physical, mental or psychological state. Striving towards superiority is, thus, an integral part of living; it is â€Å"innate in the sense that it is a part of life.Trhoughout [sic] a person's life, Adler believed [a person] is motivated by the need to overcome the sense of inferiority and strive for ever higher levels of development. † (Adler Alfred’s â€Å"individual Psychology†). The striving for superiority begins with the spirit of the following Biblical recommendation: Thorns and snares are in the way of the froward: he that doth keep his soul [as well as his mind, drives and impulses] shall be far from them.Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old he will not depart from it. (Proverbs 22: 5-6). In the first sentence, â€Å"keeping† of the soul – and by implication, the mind, drives and impulse s – suggests the significance of early childhood upbringing to the development of the personality. â€Å"The froward† is deducibly the individual of an unhealthy personality, one who does not â€Å"keep†, i. e. , pay attention to and take care of, the nature and promptings of his or her inherent fictional finalism.The next sentence contains a practical, resolving recommendation: â€Å"Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old he will not depart from it† Two suggestions are perhaps apparent from this recommendation: one, that the social, educational and moral upbringing of the child is fundamental to the health of its drives and impulses (to its â€Å"soul†), and, consequently, to the direction of its fictional finalism (the entirety of its pursuits, habits, peculiarities and voluntary socialization); two, that the image of the fictional finalism is composed essentially of the childhood orientation, which more or less â€Å"compe ls† the child to keep to paths of this image later in life, that is, â€Å"prevents† the child from â€Å"departing from it when he is old†.This deduction does not, however, lessen the force of Adler’s assertion of individuality of personality; for the quite observable fact that no two children are exactly alike suggests that the individuality of the child plays a role in its adaptation to and development through its childhood orientation. Identical twins under identical childhood upbringing will therefore never develop identically.While they might demonstrate similar good or bad upbringing, they will certainly not behave or think alike, nor will they aspire towards identical self-realizations. Therefore, â€Å"striving towards superiority† depends more on the individuality of the child and its upbringing than on the social, educational or cultural influences to which the child may be later subjected.PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTHThe psychological health of a personality depends on a number of factors suggested by the concept of â€Å"striving towards superiority† and by the fact that â€Å"Everyone feels inferior to a degree, which motivates us to get better†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 2007). These factors include:(i) Healthy inferiority feelings.(ii) Positive fictional finalism.(iii) Absence of idealism and perfectionism.In the light of the preceding subsections, these factors indicate the relevance of the assertion that â€Å"Good understanding giveth favour; but the way of transgressors is hard. † (Proverbs 13:15). Ensuring health of inferiority feelings, helping the development of a positive fictional finalism and working towards the absence of idealism and perfectionism, all naturally require â€Å"good understanding† of the workings of the personality . Such an understanding will prevent the development of a â€Å"hard†, â€Å"transgressing† personality—a personality overste pping all limits of rationality and propriety in the urges and the actualization of its self-image.(i) Healthy Inferiority feelings: Adler was said (Fisher, M. 2001) to describe inferiority feelings as â€Å"feelings of lack of worth†, which he believed to motivate the individual towards striving for superiority. However, as with everything, there are healthy and unhealthy inferiority feelings.These two kinds are naturally to be differentiated through the nature of the psychological and impulsive effects each induces. Healthy inferiority feelings, as is shown above, are progressive; unhealthy inferiority feelings, retrogressive. Unhealthy inferiority feelings can be named apart from healthy inferiority feelings by terming them â€Å"inferiority complex†, which Oxford Talking Dictionary (1998) defines as â€Å"an unrealistic feeling of general inadequacy caused by actual or supposed inferiority in one sphere†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The lack of â€Å"reality† in these feeli ngs already marks them as undesirable and counter-productive. Further in support of their undesirableness is the statement from Brainmeta (2007): People might cope with an inferiority complex by becoming tentative, helpless, and lazy, or by engaging in behavior, called overcompensation.Overcompensation involves trying to hide one's sense of inferiority from others and even from oneself. People who overcompensate might be vocal about their successes and qualities and exaggerate them. Also, they tend to get wrapped up in status, power, and materialism. They believe all of these things give the appearance of superiority (Weiten, 1992, p. 484). †The fostering and the sustenance of healthy inferiority feelings, as is suggested by the excerpt from the Book of Proverbs above, demand knowledge or â€Å"good understanding† of personality psychology—knowledge of such social and familial conditions as might cause psychological and personality irregularities. One source of s uch good knowledge is the implications or ramifications of Adler Alfred’s theories of personality and his assertions in the process of formulating these theories. For instance, Adler was said (Fisher, 2001) to maintain â€Å"that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority deriving from restrictions on the individual's need for self-assertion. † This statement clearly recommends freedom of self-assertion for children and adults alike.However, marrying this suggested recommendation to that of the Book of Proverbs excerpted above (which is another source of â€Å"good understanding†) modifies this recommendation and keeps it within limits: it suggests that freedom of assertion must be within the limits of a sound upbringing and realistic self-discipline.(ii) Positive fictional finalism and (iii) Absence of Idealism and Perfectionism are both clearly dependent on the existence of healthy inferiority feelings. The soul of all aspirations resides as much in the impulses of inferiority feelings as it does in those of fictional finalism. In other words, an individual’s fictional finalism determines the nature (and, therefore, the health) of his or her inferiority feelings.Idealism and perfectionism, as has been suggested above, can lead to tormenting self-criticisms due to the high expectations their bearer has of him or herself. It is understandable that both can derive from an attempt to overcompensate for inferiority complex— to make up for the unhealthy inferiority feelings that have developed from an unhealthy personality.UNITY OF PERSONALITYWith his postulates that there is ‘a single â€Å"drive† or motivating force behind all our behavior and experience’ (Boeree, 2006), and that â€Å"the conscious and unconscious worked together to achieve the goals of self-improvement and fictional finalism† (Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 2007), Alfred Adler suggested the existence of unity of pers onality.First, if the conscious and the unconscious work towards the common goal of self-improvement and fictional finalism, then every conscious feeling, thought, or emotion of a human being, be they pleasant or unpleasant, unite with his or her every unconscious feeling or emotion towards the fulfillment of these goals. The goal, however, is always striven towards, since it is the â€Å"motivating force behind all †¦ behaviour and experience† (Boeree, 2006).Consequently, every conscious feeling and thought is unceasingly in union and co-operation with every unconscious feeling and thought towards the attainment of the common goal of self-actualization. Second, if the conscious and the unconscious are, consequently, unceasingly united, it follows that the goals of self-improvement and of fictional finalism are in a ceaseless union.However, â€Å"Adler postulated that, beyond general [self-] improvement, each person has an ideal image they are trying to achieve†¦. This image of the perfect self is called the fictional finalism (Elverud, 1997). † † (Alfred Adler (1870-1937), 2007). Consequently, standing â€Å"beyond† the goal of â€Å"general improvement† (and connected with this goal), fictional finalism unites the urge for self-improvement, the conscious and the unconscious for a common purpose, and therefore forms the centerpiece of every drive and impulse of the personality. Therefore, unity of personality is the joint striving of every conscious and unconscious emotion, thought, feeling and action towards ultimate self-actualization.Adler therefore believed that there is an agreement among every aspiring, desiring, thinking, and acting of a human being: that unhealthy feelings of inferiority indicate the existence of unhealthy fictional finalism; that a restricted self-assertion and incomplete control of ones life can be recognized through the restricted thinking, feeling and acting of the individual in question ; that the extent of the realization of potentials is reflected in the extent of freedom of thought, opinion, speech and action of an individual†¦These deductions find support in a figurative appreciation of the following Biblical excerpt: â€Å"Every man is brutish in his knowledge: every founder is confounded by the graven image: for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them. † (Jeremiah 10:14). If the â€Å"graven image† is taken as the image of a dead, i. e. unrealistic fictional finalism, then the personality harboring such an image is bound to be â€Å"confounded† in his aspirations and his opinions, â€Å"brutish† in his outlook and expectations, and â€Å"false† in his interactions with fellow human beings.A practical example of such a person is a maniacal perfectionist whom no one could ever please or satisfy.ReferencesALFRED ADLER'S â€Å"INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY†. Retrieved April 10th, 2007 from http://www. s onoma. edu/users/d/daniels/adler. html.ALFRED ADLER. Retrieved 10th April 2007 from http://www. muskingum. edu/~psych/psycweb/history/adler. htm#Theory Alfred Adler (1870-1937). Retrieved 11th April 2007 from http://brainmeta. com/personality/adler. php.BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF ALFRED ADLER. Retrieved April 11, 2007 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/hstein/adler. htm In Cambridge Advanced learner’s Dictionary. Retrieved 11th April, 2007 from http://dictionary. cambridge. org/results. asp? searchword=opthamologist&x=12&y=8.In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 3, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9003744.North American Society of Adlerian Psychology. NASAP : . Retrieved April 12th, 2007 from http://www. alfredadler. org/.Personality Theory, Alfred Adler. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/adler. html.Psychography : Alfred Adler. Psychography. Retrieved April 9th 2007, from http://f aculty. frostburg. edu/mbradley/psyography/alfredadler. html.The Holy Bible, King James Version. THOMAS NELSON, PUBLISHERS. Nashville. Camden. Newyork. The Oxford Talking Dictionary, 1998 Edition.