Slavery And Jim Crow Laws Essay - 1130 Words

Throughout the early 1960s, African American people living in the United States were greatly oppressed. Slavery and Jim Crow laws, which justified segregation, were abolished; however, African Americans did not receive equal treatment, as the ideology of white supremacy, or Caucasians being the superior race, remained in tact. Since juries typically consisted of Caucasian males who favored other Caucasians, African Americans rarely received fair trials. Other factors, such as housing opportunities, were unequal for African Americans as well, and as a result, poorer districts consisting solely of African Americans formed. Since African Americans were strictly segregated from Caucasians and therefore did not receive similar opportunities, the ideology that African Americans were inferior to Caucasians became hegemonic, meaning that the belief that African Americans had fewer rights than Caucasians was simply accepted in society without question. Though laws and regulations guaranteed e quality among all races, African Americans remained oppressed; therefore, groups like the Black Panther Party began to fight this hegemonic ideology. Their violent and nonviolent protests were considered counter-hegemonic, as they hoped to diminish the unfair and inaccurate ideologies that had existed and essentially become common sense within society. In the â€Å"Black Panther Platform,† the Black Panther Party details their reasons for participating in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, aShow MoreRelatedSlavery And Jim Crow Laws1613 Words   |  7 Pagesfor over 400 years and since arriving the black race has struggled to obtain equality. Realistically, if you are born black in the United States of America, you are in a sense cursed with the burdens of   systematic oppression and racism.   Slavery and Jim Crow Laws were created by white supremacist to maintain power and authority as they sought out to rule over any and all minority groups they consider inferior t o the white race. Fortunately, leaders of the black race have made tremendous strides inRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward1063 Words   |  5 PagesWoodward wrote The Strange Career of Jim Crow for a purpose. His purpose was to enlighten people about the history of the Jim Crow laws in the South. Martin Luther King Jr. called Woodward’s book, â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† (221) Martin Luther King Jr.’s quote revealed the true importance of Woodward’s book. Woodard’s book significance was based on it revealing the strange, forgotten facets of the Jim Crow laws. Assumptions about the Jim Crow’s career have existed since itsRead MoreAs Far as the Crow Flies731 Words   |  3 PagesMississippi will long be known for is slavery, Jim Crow Laws, and the murder of Emmett Till. Slavery began in Mississippi before it became a state and the majority of its existence relied on the free labor of Afr ican-Americans. Jim Crow Laws enforced segregation between African-Americans and Whites in Mississippi following the end of slavery. Emmett Till was an unfortunate casualty of unknowingly going against the laws of segregation in the South. Slavery in Mississippi went through more stagesRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Law1014 Words   |  5 PagesMass incarceration is known as a net of laws, policies, and rules that equates to the American criminal justice system. This series of principles of our legal system works as an entrance to a lifelong position of lower status, with no hope of advancement. Mass incarceration follows those who are released from prison through exclusion and legalized discrimination, hidden within America. The New Jim Crow is a modernized version of the original Jim Crow Laws. It is a modern racial caste system designedRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay795 Words   |  4 Pagesto write a reflection on discussed The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness which is a book written by Michelle Alexander a highly acclaimed civil rights lawyer, advocate and Associate Professor of Law at Ohio State University. Michelle Alexander states that although we made tremendous p rogress with Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s by unifying as a race and fought to seemingly ended the old Jim Crow era by the passing of laws such as the 1965 voting act and Brown V.S BoardRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreAncient History and Slavery836 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery is a condition defined as one human being owning another human. Ancient history shows the Greeks, Romans and Mayans accepted slavery. Later continental Europeans became involved in slavery, importing slaves from Africa to the New World. During this time over eleven million African slaves were taken from their homeland as part of the transatlantic slave trade. Eventually the American Civil War led to slaves freedom due to the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, which was signed byRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pageschanged, and shaped into unrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is an attempt to maintain blacks as an underclass. Michelle Alexander makes the assertion that â€Å"[w]eRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow862 Words   |  4 PagesJim crow laws In the 18th century the civil war had brought in end to slavery ,when the union beat the confederacy.Many people believe that slavery ended right there, and that anything else that happened to African Americans after that was due to racism of the people of that time.When in reality that change had caused ripples, that would shape history and the way people think all the way till today.Using historical ideas ,journals ,and such C.Vann Woodward in The Strange Career Of JIM CROW

An Introduction to Intercultural Communication - 29172 Words

An Introduction to Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is of importance to international businesses as it examines how people from different cultures, beliefs and religions come together to work and communicate with each other. Demands for intercultural communication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go global or international. They realize that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign territory. Without the help of intercultural communication they can unknowingly cause confusion and misunderstandings. For these intercultural businesses to breach the cultural barriers encountered when stepping into foreign grounds it is vital for them to fully understand the cultural differences†¦show more content†¦It is important that this emersion in the target culture has been to the extent that the cross cultural consultant can totally empathise with the culture and understand its dynamics. Speaking a Foreign Language Language carries with it cultural coding. All experts, commentators and linguists are unanimous that without knowledge of the language the culture can never be appreciated. A cross cultural consultant will therefore have this insider knowledge not only through living and working in a country but also by using and understanding the language. The complexity and diversity of cross cultural challenges in the international business world is reflected in the broad knowledge and skills of cross cultural consultants. Drawing on expertise gained through a variety of interrelated fields, the cross cultural consultant is now truly a specialist of great importance. The Definition of Intercultural Communication What is intercultural communication? Intercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. Its seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to real life situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within a business or how psychologists understand their patients. The definition of interculturalShow MoreRelatedBenefits And Limitations Of Intercultural Communication1307 Words   |  6 PagesExplore the benefits and limitations of Intercultural communication Today we live in a ‘global community’ connected to the whole world by ties of culture, latest communication and travel technologies, politics, economics and a shared environment. We now live in a multicultural society where we interact with people of different colours, nationalities, cultures and languages. With the benefit of modern technology, it has also enabled us to interact and communicate with people for personal and businessRead MoreNon-Verbal Communication and Inter-Cultural Communication Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages Nonverbal communication is defined as the approach of conveying information and data by using speech, visuals, signs , behavior etc. Approximately 65% of the communication takes place through nonverbal attributes. Generally communication takes place with three steps. FIRST Is the thought or idea that comes in the mind of the sender. SECOND is the encoding which means sending message to the receiver in a particular gesture or sign or via a particular medium. THIRD is decoding of message which meansRead MoreIntercultural Communication : Interaction Between International Students And Japanese Peers1451 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Intercultural Communication refers to the interaction between different cultural communities; the sharing of information across language and cultures is known as intercultural communication. The main aim of this communication is to understand the different culture, tradition and interact accordingly. The intercultural literacy provides understanding and satisfaction in the communication. They are many problems which are faced due to lack of proper intercultural communication. In anRead MoreThe Difference Between The North American And Mexican American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays, we are living in the community that we are interacting with people who have different cultural background. When we interact with others who do not share the same values as us, numerous intercultural issues are going to emerge, such as language difference, nonverbal misinterpretation, preconceptions and stereotypes, and etc. Spanglish by James L. Brooks explores the difference between the North American and Mexican American culture by describing how Flor is an illegal immigrant from MexicoRead MoreThe Right Kind Of Care795 Words   |  4 PagesRight Kind of Care Cultural identities and our personalities affect our perceptions. There’s a tendency to favor others who exhibit cultural or personality traits that match up with our own. Effective communication with people of different cultures can be especially challenging. Intercultural communication occurs when a member from one culture produces a message that absorbed by a member of another culture. As stated by (Jandt, 2015), â€Å"human perception is usually thought of as a three-step process ofRead MoreIntercultural Communication : A Discourse Approach1225 Words   |  5 PagesChapter one - Intercultural communication: A discourse approach Intercultural communication: A discourse approach attempts to explain the discourse approach and points to the authors distinction between cross-cultural communication and intercultural communication. The chapter underlines the authors approach and theory to intercultural communication. It covers several explanations and the distinction between cross-cultural communication and intercultural communication. The chapter discusses theRead MoreIntercultural Communication Stumbling Blocks By Samovar, Porter, Mcdaniel Roy1267 Words   |  6 PagesIntercultural Communication Introduction According to the articles Intercultural communication stumbling blocks by Barna and Intercultural communication by Samovar, Porter, McDaniel Roy, describe the various challenges that are faced between communications of two individuals who come from different cultures. Notably, challenges that are faced by different people who come from different cultures exist due to the problem of the difference between the cultural norms. For instance, what is acceptableRead MoreUnderstanding Cultures And Intercultural Communication1512 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is no longer relevant or effective.† Evaluate this statement, referring to relevant theories and using examples where appropriate. Student ID: 6749473 Academic subject: MSC Accounting and Financial Management Word count: 1511 Topicï ¼Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is no longer relevant or effective.† Evaluate this statement, referringRead MoreCommunication Is Needed For Interaction Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Communication is needed for interaction, as air is needed for breathing. Without communication nothing will be resolved, nothing will be shared and nothing will be done. Communication is more than simply conveying a message to a person. Communication is verbal, written, non-verbal, voice tone, word choice and also active listening. Therefore, all these aspects play a vital role in effective communication. Moreover, there is a skill set need more than ever that goes beyond communicationsRead MoreEssay about Intercultural Communication Barriers1559 Words   |  7 Pagesyears ago. Today, both culture and communication have evolved considerably and have become interdependent of one another, to the point that communication is considered to be a product of culture. Thus, our own culture has a deep impact on our thoughts and behaviors. Since each culture has its distinct aspects, intercultural communication can be the cause of conflict and disorder. There are three main issues which are at the root of the problem of intercultural miscommunication : language as a barrier

Cultural Anthropology Essay Research Paper Anthropologist Marvin free essay sample

Cultural Anthropology Essay, Research Paper Anthropologist Marvin Harris in known for his strong strong belief based on cultural philistinism. He writes widely and is celebrated for his books, which appeal to the popular multitudes. His cardinal belief is that the agencies of production and reproduction cause other facets of civilization such as organisation or art. He goes through a causal concatenation which can all be relate to the impulses to eat and reproduce. Although this is a extremely simplified manner to depict his theory of cultural philistinism most of his written work dressed ore on the manner a civilization exploits its environment, and how this creates all other facets of civilization. He explains every behaviour by puting it in the context of how it functions in society. He takes spots and pieces of civilization to make a functional whole. He believes that what integrates everything is civilization Marvin Harris earned has doctors degree at Columbia University where he taught until 1981, before traveling to the University of Florida. His first book # 8220 ; Town and Country # 8221 ; was based on fieldwork in Minas Velhas Brazil1. This book examined the consequence on a distant centre, Minas Velhas when it expanded into a regional centre. The halfway rapidly floundered when the Minas failed to keep uninterrupted nutrient production. Town and Country was an illustration of things to follow. In his research he tended to concentrate on substructure. Harris defines substructure as technological, economic, demographic and environmental activities and conditions straight related to prolonging themselves and reproduction. He bases his analysis on these thoughts. Another popular plants include # 8220 ; The Rise of Anthropological Theory, # 8221 ; which is an analysis and review of western bookmans. He feels that # 8220 ; at this peculiar minute in the development of anthropological theory critical opinions deserve precedence over polite 1s. Harris believes that a civilization # 8217 ; s singularity is non a consequence of historical particularism as Franz Boaz believed. Rather he feels that theories hold great value. Harris believes strongly in cultural philistinism. In the debut of the # 8221 ; Rise of Anthropological Theory, # 8221 ; Harris compares cultural philistinism as comparable to Charles Darwin # 8217 ; s choice. He besides explains that cultural philistinism is non idealized and evolutionary. He does non concentrate his surveies on the uniqueness of each civilization. Rather Harris wants to use the followers. # 8220 ; The principal of techno-environmental and techno-economic determinism. He holds that # 8220 ; similar engineerings applied to similar environments tend to bring forth similar agreements of labour in production and distribution, and that these in bend call forth similar sorts of societal groupings, which justify and organize their activities by agencies of similar systems of values and beliefs. Translated into a research scheme, the rule of techno-environmental, techno-economic determinism assigns precedence to the survey of the material conditions of sociocultural life, much as the rule of natural choice assigns prec edence to the survey of differential generative success2. # 8221 ; Harris identifies this place as cultural philistinism. In the debut of # 8220 ; The Rise and Anthropological Theory # 8221 ; , he states that he wants to use the cultural materialist theoretical account, and that anthropologists failure to make so has sheltered the world. Harris believes that the focal point of a cultural survey should non be that of world against the thoughts and beliefs of a civilization group. Rather he believes that there are two sets of differentiations that must be made. First there should be a differentiation between behavioural events such as gestures made by a peculiar person # 8217 ; s organic structure. Behavioral events include all the gestures made by an single # 8217 ; s organic structure and the environmental effects it produces. In add-on to behavioral there are besides rational events. These are considered to be ideas and feelings that humans experience. Harris describes the motion of the organic structure as a unit of observation. He feels that the motion of the organic structure is an of import portion of behaviour and culture3. He wanted to take an unmistakable and depersonalized ideal of civilization. He feels that linguistic communication frequently holds dual significance so he left out lingual confirmation given by sources. Harris contrived vocabulary that expressed different categories of behaviour. The smallest signifier of seeable of behaviour he called actons, accustomed action are called actonemes. An illustration of an acton e would be picking up a glass gap of the oral cavity and the liquid vanishing in the oral cavity. From these basic units more complexness follows. Such elaborate description is boring and expensive. Harris acknowledges this but feels that to be consistent and scientific cultural taxonomy is necessary. Another set of differentiations must be placed upon the different ways of sing a civilization. The first is the emic position. The emic position is that of the people who live and experience their civilization. The etic position places the perceivers as Judgess. Kenneth Pike coined etic and emic4. By utilizing the terminations of the words # 8220 ; phonic # 8221 ; and phonetics. Phonetics is the description of the address sounds that are produced by human existences. Phonemics is screening out these sounds in order to get at the differentiation. Harris applies these to civilization. Etic allows a civilization to be classified to happen meaningful construction of a peculiar civilization. # 8220 ; Etic is a classificatory, emics reflect the internal structural relationships found in specific cultural systems. # 8221 ; The bookman analyzing from the etic point of view must bring forth scientifically productive theories about the causes of sociocultural differences and similarities. When feeling, significance or aim arise the observation is no longer scientific. Harris feels that emics trade with the psychological province of the histrion and his ain position of his behaviour is clouded by their personal readings. Etic is scientific. The perceiver is removed therefore free to do an reading that may unluckily be violative to the civilizations # 8217 ; manner of life. The etic position frequently takes away the sacred nature of many ceremonials, ideals and traditions. Harris feels the bottom line is that etic and emic service a map. He believes that there are specific classs to human activity and idea. Harris does somewhat safeguard his sentiments on the value of etic being the most of import manner of survey. He claims that both etic and emics are valuable portion of civilization analysis. However there should be cognition that etic and emic lead to wholly different readings. The cosmopolitan construction of sociocultural systems pushed upon by cultural philistinism is based on predictable biological and psychological provinces of human groups5. Harris feels that there are specific classs to human activity and idea. First are the agencies of run intoing nutrient demands. This is the etic behavioural manner of production. Second is the demand to guarantee that adequate reproduction occurs to prolong the population, the etic behavioural manner of reproduction. Last there are actions taken by each society to procure order within their group and with other groups. This is called the etic of behavioural domestic life, economic systems and the etic behavioural political economic systems. Harris besides adds another etic class called behavioural superstructure. It concentrates on the value of symbolic procedures for illustration art, ritual or athletics. Harris combines these classs together. Production and reproduction are placed under the header of infrastructure6. Infrastructure includes all of the patterns used in spread outing or curtailing basic subsistence production, chiefly the production of nutrient and other types of energy within the restrictions of a specific environment. Infrastructure besides encompasses the engineering and imposts used for increasing, curtailing and keeping reproduction. Structure combines the domestic economic system and the political economic system. It includes the organisation of the production and reproduction ; trade and ingestion within a group. Above this is the larger graduated table controls placed on groups which regulate reproduction, production, trade and ingestion between different groups. This applies to small-scale sets and to big province organized groups. Behavioral superstructure is besides added. It contains art ; music, dance, literature, rites, games, and athleticss. The conseque nce is a tidy set of classs, substructure, construction and superstructure. The concluding class includes all things that fail to suit into the theoretical account. They are referred to as the mental and emic construction. Harris feels that this theoretical account should be followed. By concentrating on substructure, a big organic structure of cognition would be created with jurisprudence like generalisation. The premiss holds that alterations in substructure appear in the construction and ace construction of a society. Harris non merely applies these thoughts to the development of people throughout clip, he besides applies these Torahs to present twenty-four hours societies. The following are several illustrations of how cultural philistinism maps in both the yesteryear and the present. The concluding readings are based on his etic position of civilization. Anthropologist Noel T. Boas gives an first-class conjectural illustration of how the environment and the manner worlds exploit and adapt to it has an consequence on all of the cultural properties of a group7. A group of pre-historic worlds lived on the border of the glaciers in the Far North. A group of the tribes # 8217 ; huntsmans tracked a drove of reindeer that attempted to get away across a snowfield. A similar herd escaped from this same group of huntsmans the anterior twelvemonth when two of the huntsmans became temporarily blind from the intense blaze of the Sun reflecting off of the snow. This twelvemonth one of the groups had carved oculus masks that limited the sum of light come ining the oculus to a individual slit. The manner the slits angled up resembled that of a fox. The huntsmans tied them on and were able to run the reindeer across the snow without the blaze of the Sun forestalling them from killing the quarry. Their reindeer fed the full folk during a clip of the twelvemonth when other nutrient beginnings were scarce, safeguarding the group from near-starvation. Because the huntsmans had worn their new fox masks as a grade of victory when they returned with their meat to the small town, it was clear to the priest-doctor that that the spirit of the fox had directed them to the reindeer. From this clip on, the priest-doctor declared that he would confabulate with the spirit of the fox before each runing party left the small town. He planned a salvation ceremonial to pay court to the fox for the spring. The work forces in the original hunting party and their close male family adopted the fox as their carnal totem. This action efficaciously removed them from the wolf kin and meant that the at hand matrimony of one of the huntsmans girls to a adult male from the bear clad had to be postponed. Merely after long treatments by the seniors was it agreed upon that the fox and wolf were spiritually close, and that a member the new fox kin would be perm itted to get married a member of the bear kin, their traditional matrimony spouses. Cultural alterations result in response to environmental challenges. Culture maps as a precaution to protect persons generative and economic involvements in a society. Through societal organisation and work production the groups benefited and held the civilization together. The sharing of these common cultural traits solidified the societal bonds. Language served as the manner of go throughing information from one group to another or from coevals to coevals. This was accomplished through myth, and heroic poems. The ability to pass on information about their environment was critical to the endurance of the group. The Sacred Cows of India is a really good known survey among anthropology pupils. It serves as an illustration of the cultural materialist attack. He attempts to turn out that spiritual Torahs forbiding Hindus from eating cattles serve a intent. Harris has frequently noted that pupils are perplexed by the Hindu # 8217 ; s refusal to eat meat even in to face of poorness and starvation8. While the prohibition on eating beef seems mal adaptative and counterproductive, it is non. The cow is considered sacred in India. There are spiritual symbols that exemplify its importance. There are besides Torahs that protect the cattles from slaughter. Harris feels that substructure is what made the cow sacred. As the population of worlds increased so did the demand to protect the cow. ( In the past cattles were a portion of sacrificial rites, beef was eaten for ceremonial intents. ) By 200AD the banquets were eliminated, and merely the Lords were allowed to eat meat. By 1000AD all Hindus were banned from the ingestion of beef9. To forestall the violent death, taboos were formed, faith and jurisprudence arose to deter ingestion. By protecting the cattles Indians safeguard many facets of their being. Harris feels that by non killing the cattles there is an increased possibility of oxen being born. Oxen are of import for agricultural work. Indian cowss do non run out the system the manner Western cowss do. They eat uneatable remains of harvests, provide droppings as fertiliser and fuel for heat and cookery. Harris feels that the riddance of ingestion occurred over a long period of clip. Probably the Hindu people began to detect that the husbandmans who saved their cattles to bring forth cattles were the 1s who survived natural catastrophes. Those who merely ate beef suffered in the long tally. They were non protected from natural catastrophes. The sacredness of the cow is non merely an nescient belief that stands in the manner of advancement, but like all constructs of the sacred and their protection, this one affected the physical universe. It defines the relationships that are imported for the care of society. In ancient Europe and Asia, the chase for nutrient was the cardinal portion of their lives. For 1000s of old ages runing served as the chief beginning of nutrient. Approximately 13,000 ago planetary heating resulted in the terminal of the last ice age. The alterations in home ground such as loss of croping land resulted in an ecological calamity. The Numberss of large game animate beings such as flocculent mammoths, woolly rhinoceros and the bison decreased drastically. In add-on to these environmental alterations predation had an consequence on the population degrees of big game. The extinction of these large game animate beings concluded in the beginning of the Mesolithic period. During the Mesolithic people began to roll up protein from other beginnings such as fish, shellfish and cervid. Anthropologist Kent Flannery refers to the diverse hunting and assemblage of nutrient resources as â€Å"broad spectrum† therefore the terminal of the ice age played a portion in the extinction of big game animate beings, coercing human population to diversify the types of nutrient they ate10. Similar environmental events occurred in North and South America between 11,000-8000BC. Harris feels that these extinctions in the Americas occurred with the crisp rise of population that, and the demand to go on to keep their dietetic criterions. With the diminution of megafauna, the North and South Americans adapted with similar agencies of subsistence as in Europe and Asia. Harris feels that the Techaucan vale serves as an first-class illustration of alterations in subsistence that transpired in North America. Between 7000-5000BC the people of the Techaucan vale hunted Equus caballuss and antelope to extinction. They so moved on to jackrabbits and elephantine polo-necks, which were besides rendered extinct. By 800 BC they were to the full sedentary based on agribusiness. However the sum of Calories derived from carnal proteins decreased aggressively. This forced an intensification of agricultural and new hunting engineerings. New efficient hunting engineerings included spears, spe ar throwsters, darts and the bow and pointer. As the depletion of animate being populations continued to diminish, the primary manner of production became intensified works production. Gathering had originally been the primary agencies of obtaining workss. The intensification of farming lead to an addition of engineering. Gardening was followed by agribusiness, which relied on irrigation. Despite the intensification by utilizing hunting and agribusiness techniques there were depletions. This resulted in an overall ruin of nutritionary degrees. The Middle Eastern small towns went through a different scenario. They gathered seeds, wild barley, wheat and grasses. The seeds ripened in late spring for a three-week period. The # 8220 ; wide spectrum # 8221 ; huntsmans and gathers built their lasting abodes to let for grain storage and production. For illustration prehistoric huntsmans and aggregators known as Nuftians carved out depressions at the forepart of their stone shelters laid rock pavings and construct rock around their fireplaces. Other sites day of the month to 12,000 old ages old. The grounds shows that there was grain film editing and roasting. Harris points out that the New World sequence differs form the Old World sequence. It wasn # 8217 ; t until 5,400BP that the population of the Techaucan vale built lasting houses, yet these houses were merely used at certain times of the twelvemonth. The people still collected workss for nutrient use11. Harris believes that the different stages of agribusiness should non be attributed to diffusion. Harris says when runing and roll uping bend to agriculture it # 8217 ; s non because of thoughts, but because of cost/benefits. Agribusiness is non necessary if all demands from a few hours of runing. The ground for these two sequences is in the different sorts of workss and animate beings that existed after the depletion of the big game. In the Middle East their combinations of workss and animate beings was such that by going sedentary they elevated their consumption of workss and animate beings. Agriculture has no value if everything needed takes two hours to roll up. The countries that Middle Eastern agribusiness appeared had wild wheat, barley, peas and lentils. In add-on the country held precursors to domestication of hogs, cowss and caprine animals. The Middle Eastern populations settled in countries surrounded by Fieldss of alcoholic grains. The animate beings were forced to venture closer to the small towns as they depended on these beginnings for nutrient. Therefore the huntsmans no longer had to seek for protein beginnings they were in their back twelvemonth. Harris feels that the animate beings ate a significant sum of grain, this lead to a demand to increase the production. Harris feels that this theory demonstrates why the domestication of workss and animate beings occurred at different times. In Mesoamerica the hunter- gatherers of Techucan made usage of grains such as amaranth and maize. Their agencies of seed aggregation was labour efficient, like agribusiness, it did supply a storable excess. Yet the people from the Techuacan colonies did non put up their towns near the amaranth and maize. The domestication of animate beings in Techuacan did non co-occur with the domestication of amaranth and maize because all domesticatable animate beings became nonextant as a consequence of the clime alteration and overkill. When the people of Tehuacan wanted carnal proteins they had to be more nomadic and follow the quarry, which consisted of cervid, coney, polo-necks and other little animate beings. This explains the involuntariness to put big sums of clip and energy into lasting colonies, roasting cavities or storage installations. Hence the people postponed populating complete village life until they had exhausted even smaller animate beings long after they had domesticated many species of workss. Harris believes that the depletion of resources in the New World had effects that set them on a slower way of agricultural development. Domestication of animate beings in the Middle East allow to new engineerings such as Big Dippers increased transportation12. The # 8220 ; faunal gifts # 8221 ; of the different hemispheres had other positive effects. Village life resulted in higher quality nutrition, which increased lactation periods therefore, the spacing between offspring increased. This stands as an first-class illustration of substructure, the manner of production and reproduction. How the environment and the agencies of working it can take to different consequences in the causal concatenation of cultural philistinism. Another theory than Harris has formulated concentrated on the thought of tribal warfare. In a cross cultural survey of tribal warfare Harris defines warfare as # 8220 ; an organized signifier of inter group homicide affecting combat squads of two or more individuals, including feuding and raiding13. # 8221 ; Harris feels that warfare is a manner of modulating population size, non merely because of the deceases in conflict, but through female infanticide. Harris believes that civilizations that pattern war activities tend to prefer the birth of male childs who are the preferable warriors. He points out that aggressive folks have the advantage over less aggressive folk. In the survey by Harris found that the ratio of fourteen-year-old and under was 127 male childs to 100 misss. He feels that the spread of warfare was a consequence of the enlargement of works cultivation. With the addition of saccharides and fats in their diet, female birthrate increased and more gestations occurred. Harris feels that in civilizations where birth control methods are non available to modulate population, female infanticide occurred. Infanticide rates rise when war occurs. This illustration exemplifies how nutrient production and reproduction are related and combined under the header substructure. Harris uses cultural philistinism to depict the rise and autumn of antediluvian societies. Harmonizing to Harris the movers have been practising the same economic rhythm. Population force per unit areas result in higher production, which depletes the environment, taking to the demand for new invention of production. Harris uses the Maya of Mexico # 8217 ; s Yucatan peninsula to exemplify his theory of cultural philistinism. Many archaeologists have attempted to explicate out how ( between 300 # 8211 ; 900AD ) Maya civilizations supported themselves on merely cut and burn cultivation14. Harris shows that the economic system was more productive than one time believed. The Maya environment was less rich in resources than the environing countries yet they were able to prolong a big population. Harris # 8217 ; thoughts have frequently been criticized. By far one of the most lurid thoughts is that Aztecs turned to cannibalism for their protein intake. Harris believes that the ground the re were so many forfeits was straight related to the deficiency of domesticated animate beings, which were needed to increase nutrient. Hence the rise in population coupled with the deficiency of nutrient resulted in a gustatory sensation for cannibalism. This satisfied the populations hungriness. Harris believes that with the extremely populated centres, the dwellers were prone to nutrient crisis and dearths. Therefore human forfeit had both a spiritual intent and a material consequence. Marvin Harris feels that one issue that shines out in the ethnographic record is the demand for prestigiousness and power15. He notes that groups frequently compete for land, power and prestigiousness. The competition frequently reaches the degree of compulsion. The most extraordinary efforts at seeking position occur in British Colombia where the potlatch is practiced. The end of the potlatch was to give off and destruct every bit much wealth as possible. A powerful head for case may destruct great sums of nutrient, vesture and money in an effort to derive position and esteem from his rivals. Marvin Harris efforts to turn out that the Kwakiutl potlatch was non an irrational activity. Alternatively the activities were based on definite economic and ecological conditions. The Kwakiutal used to populate near the shore and rain forest. They sustained themselves through runing fishing and assemblage. The head of Kwakiutl had inherited power therefore felt insecure in his place. This resu lted in a demand to turn out and solidify their place as head. The aim of the potlatch was for the host head to give his challenger head and followings obscene sums of valuable gifts. The invitees would so be obligated to dominate the former host. Preparation for the potlatch required the aggregation of nutrient, teguments, covers and other ownerships. Guests were so encouraged to devour huge sums of nutrient. The invitee would besides have irrational sums of gifts. The invitee head and his followings would so plight to acquire even. There was an eternal flow of prestigiousness and valuables. Anthropologist Ruth Benedict believed that # 8220 ; The object of all Kwakiutl endeavors was to demo oneself high quality to one # 8217 ; s rivals16. # 8221 ; Harris strongly disagrees. He points out that the Kwakiutl potlatch occurs in similar signifiers in all parts of the universe. Unlike Benedict he feels that it functioned as a manner to nutrient transportation from centres of high prod uctiveness to less fortunate small towns. It had a practical intent. Competitive banqueting can be understood in an evolutionary position. Tribes frequently participate in reciprocality with their folks and other folks. The mighty potlatch heads used their followings to make the work. Although the Kwakiutl were non agricultural their manner of production was still intense. Harris feels that the potlatch functioned as a manner to escalate production. As a consequence the Kwakiutl possessed rank and were even known to hold slaves. Not merely does Marvin Harris attack civilization traits of Non Western societies of the past and present. He besides explores present twenty-four hours Western Society. In # 8220 ; Our Kind # 8221 ; he attempts to explicate the ground that Westerners go fleshy or # 8220 ; fat17 # 8243 ; . Harris feels that the ground for the high per centum of fleshy people is due to our inability to cognize when we have had plenty. As he explains natural choice has yet to choose against people who have clogged arterias. He feels that in the past those who had higher position had more available nutrient so they had abundant organic structure weight. Healthy weight was associated with being an elite. Being scraggy, holding less entree to nutrient for the hapless. Now the hapless are fleshy and the rich tend to be thin and in form. Harris feels that weight control requires instruction and proper diet. Harmonizing to Harris the hapless have less entree to proper information and deficiency the pecun iary financess to purchase healthy nutrient. He adds that nutrients high in fat and sugar are less expensive, hence more accessible to the hapless. It is true that a thin organic structure is associated with position in Western Society. . Marvin Harris is a author who is non merely known by anthropology pupils. His books appeal to the popular mass. I can decidedly see why his Hagiographas entreaty to such broad scope of people. He manages to sum up every issue, job, or quandary worlds in history, pre-history and in the present. Everything tantrums into topographic point with cultural philistinism. Unfortunately by merely concentrating on the agencies of production and reproduction, the importance of all other facets of civilization seem fiddling. In his analyses he does non give equal clip to construction and superstructure. Because he wants anthropology to be scientific he focuses on the two cosmopolitan facets of being human, the demand to eat and the demand to reproduce. Why is it okay to disregard of import facets of civilization if anthropology is a scientific discipline? Variable must ever be considered. With civilization there are an utmost sum of variables. At times an audience may experience that he is go f orthing out of import facts so that his theories fit into a orderly bundle. Possibly anthropology does non hold to be a scientific discipline to be taken earnestly. In add-on all of the analyses are based on Harris # 8217 ; etic position. His ain cultural background clouds his ain position. Who is to state which etic is right? He besides surveies Western civilizations, how is it possible for him to keep a place of etic? I suppose that he has an ability to stay nonsubjective unlike others in western civilization. Possibly anthropology does non necessitate to be a scientific discipline, is it truly a job to hold anthropology considered humanity. Since the 1970s anthropologists have divided into two major schools of idea. Those who feel anthropology is humanity and those similar Marvin Harris who feels that it is a natural scientific discipline.

Man vs. Woman free essay sample

The controversial issue of double standards, in regards to gender within culture, can clearly be spotted; however, neither man nor woman can seem to find the proper method to illustrate one another. To start off, in my family and Arab culture the man is expected to physically and morally attend to his wife. I believe this is done not only to show authority, but also dominance, although it is never said. The standards have changed and gotten much less strict since the olden days, not only in America but also back in the Middle East. My father would tell me stories which illustrate that the authority of the family is the male, even if he’s not the father; for example, my father had more power in the house over his older sisters but was also expected to respect his older brothers. The brother would have more authority and freedom over his sisters by being able to do things like date and go out late. We will write a custom essay sample on Man vs. Woman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This unbalance of freedom instills a sense of desperation to these young girls, that the man has ultimate superiority. In addition to the battle of authority arises the battle of who serves whom. Women in my culture are brought up being taught the ins and outs that are necessary to nurture your own child and become a great housewife. Just as Houston points out in her essay â€Å"Living in Two Cultures,† â€Å"It was also the time that I assumed the duties girls were supposed to do, like cooking, cleaning the house, washing and ironing clothes. † Here in America people may disagree, but the person being served is usually the money maker or the decision maker. These days in American society, it is the women that are served to first, whether it’s regarding who gets fed first or who massages whom. In both American and Arabic culture we are undergoing a subtle change in regards to who brings home the bacon. The change gives women the power to refuse service to men at will. This goes along with the fact that more and more women are becoming more independent and no longer need the man to pay for everything. In reality, it really comes down to who’s going to pay for everything like the wedding, the engagement ring, and necessities. There is no rule that says the man must buy the engagement ring for the woman, yet men are spending their life savings on a single—tangible item. This could be a sign of greed or a sign love. Many women these days seek men who are financially stable for different reasons. In my culture, the groom buys the bride dozens of gold bracelets, rings, necklaces, along with the price of the wedding itself. This is usually the groom’s way of showing his in-laws that he is able to care for their daughter. It sounds unfair if you ask me, but knowing your responsibilities as a human being, not man or woman, will help pave the way to equality. We as men and women acknowledge the fact that we perceive each other differently; nevertheless, we must strive to find a method to make our boundaries meet.

Tartuffe essays

Tartuffe essays Much like the great comedies of our time, Tartuffe is founded on serious issues. The 17th-century comedy, written by Moliere, achieves a representation of human nature through farce and satire. Moliere had a method of portraying life that could not be matched, not even by the likes of Shakespeare or Sophocles. The show really has a good message, said Josh Wintersteen, a junior theatre major who plays Cleante in the upcoming performance of the play at UW-Green Bay. It brings up questions about truth, society and religion that everyone has thought about before. The purpose of the playwright is to expose hypocrisy and the gullibility that makes it possible, by casting it in a comic light, said John Mariano, director of the play. As Moliere said himself, To expose vices to everyones laughter is to deal them a mighty blow. Tartuffe has been recognized as Molieres greatest and most representative play, but it has also met great hostility and opposition. First performed as a private production for King Louis XIV in 1664, the play was then banned from public performance because of strong objections by officials of the Catholic Church. Moliere protested, revised the play and produced it twice more before the ban was lifted in 1669, when it was performed for the public. The satire was so effective that the word Tartuffe has become part of the English language. However, it also made Moliere many enemies. He was attacked and slandered for his criticisms of human nature. In preparing for the production, the actors and production staff have been presented with many challenges. The biggest challenge is probably the language, Mariano said. Many of the actors are working on their first classical play. The language is rich and written entirely in rhymed couplets. The role requires more physical hu...

The West gains Ascendancy essays

The West gains Ascendancy essays Many historians have struggled with the reasons as to why Europe claimed ascendency over China. There is speculation that importing gold and silver helped Europe quite a bit as well as the steam engine. Historians have also observed China's continuing resistance to learn from other civilizations. One thing that helped Europe to gain hegemony is the ability to import large amounts of bullion into the West. There were no special qualities that lead Europe into their time of glory, but because they were able to import large quantities of bullion into the West that they were able to get the ball rolling. Since Europe was getting the gold and silver from the New World, and almost certainly making Indians mine for the bullion, labor was cheap. With the labor cheap, Europe was making almost all profit with the exception of a few small expenses. This is one theory as to why Europe's economy was so successful. With the largely imported bullion, Europe was able to take full advantage of new technology, most importantly the steam engine. Europe's political system was set up extremely well to accommodate the new technology. With the steam engine, the West was able to set up factories and mass produce clothes and other items that could be use for exports. Along with being able to produce more goods quicker, Europe worked extremely hard at expanding their trading network while China did almost nothing to protect or expand their large trading posts in East Asia. The third and final reason for the rise of Europe was their ability to learn. European were able to learn from other cultures. Examples of this would be the concept of zero from the Arabic Numerals, and taking paper and gunpowder from the Chinese. The Chinese on the other hand did not accept ideas from other cultures. In their stubborn pride they refused to acknowledge any ideas of another civilization. It was not uncommon in this time from China to slip into p...

Medical law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Medical law - Essay Example The only exception to this case is when Clare comes from or resides in Northern Ireland or any other, state or region that is outside the United Kingdom mainland. Secondly, the reason Clare and Sarah’s advance to have the pregnancy terminated is valid, given that it is based on the baby’s susceptibility to incur disability and the mother’s ability to biologically handle the pregnancy. The Abortion Act of 1967 indeed qualifies a high probability of the baby developing medical conditions and the vulnerability of the mother to health risks as conditions that independently validate grounds for therapeutic abortion. It is important that Clare ensures that she procures the abortion in a specialist licensed clinic or in a licensed hospital. Secondly, Clare should ensure that at least two physicians analyse her situation and agree that the abortion procedure will cause less damage to Clare’s mental and physical health than a situation in which Clare carries the baby. At the moment, Clare has to be aware of the fact that the Abortion Act of 1967 respects the sanctity of her choice as an independent individual. This means that the final decision to terminate the pregnancy fully rests upon her decision and free will. The import of this is that the standpoint that others such as Ian, Sarah and Rose may have towards Clare’s choice may be immaterial, the degree of biological affiliation that any of these parties may have with the child, notwithstanding. Likewise, it is to be brought to Clare’s attention that Ian’s act of disclosing her medical details and history is a criminal offence which is punishable by law. The decision to grant Ian pardon or to launch a legal case against Ian will therefore remain a matter of personal discretion. Ian, (note that) your commitments to ethics as the grounds on which you object Clare’s resolution to procure an abortion are commendable. However, I would like to bring your

Any arguement with a moral or causal claim Essay

Any arguement with a moral or causal claim - Essay Example Indubitably, such religious decrees have made man what he is today, where God and His guidelines have been argued to have paved the way of human development. Astonishingly, there is no specific definition for God. Yet, man loves Him and fears Him from the ancient period. Nevertheless, humans, either in their conscious or unconscious thoughts, have faced the questions asking for the existence of God. Certainly, if God exists, and as argued in the religious verses, acts in the good of mankind then why does not He share His presence in the earthly world or even support His followers with firm evidences to proof that He exists? Thesis Statement This thesis will aim at assessing the cosmological claim of God’s existence which states that if the universe exists, it is for a cause which is none other than God and thus, it can be considered as a truth that God exists. Based on this cosmological thought and the modern day connotations, the thesis will further intend to argue regarding the causal claim to come across a rational explanation to the theological question that whether God exists, and if He does then why. Discussion Since the evolution of scientific theories, ancient human beliefs have been contradicted on various grounds, whether it is Galileo Galilei’s discovery of earth’s rotation around the sun or Albert Einstein’s theory on gravity. Although these revolutionary concepts were accepted in the human society with passing time and relatively at a much rapid pace, a few of these still remain widely debated topics amid philosophers and scientists. The arguments regarding God’s existence have been one of the most disputable issues to create a parallel distinction between atheists and theists. Certainly, due to the unavailability of requisite proof on the basis of scientific rationale and also because of the reluctance deciphered by the theists to accept the logic argued by atheists, this particular issue has contributed in moder n philosophy as a cosmological thought which has attracted critics from around the world and apparently, from every doctrine (Palmquist, 2009). Arguments raised on this ground have often pointed that if God’s existence is questioned, the historic notional views, based on which the human society has been built, shall fumble and alas, might be destroyed (Hans & Helge, 2011). The cosmological view explained with reference to kalam argument on the existence of God further affirms that, â€Å"Everything that exists or begins to exist has a cause (Premise 1: EP); The universe exists and began to exist (Premise 2: EP); The universe must have a cause (Premise 3: IP); The cause of the universe is God (Conclusion: IC)†. However, this particular argument has been strongly criticized by atheists acclaiming the view to be a paradoxical notion (Morriston, 2000). In response to these questions and arguments, various studies were conducted to prove that God exists on the basis of comp lex theoretical philosophical underpinnings. Explaining the cosmological arguments on the existence of God, Craig (2010) explained that things exist either for an external cause or because of its necessity in the world as connoted in the Premise 1 of the kalam argument. For instance, mathematics exists because of necessity while physical objects exist for a particular cause. Therefore, if the universe is regarded as a physical object, it

The Two Waiters At The Café Essay Example for Free

The Two Waiters At The Cafà © Essay Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† is about two waiters discussing an old customer late in the night.   The younger waiter is anxious to go home, while the older waiter is in no hurry whatsoever.   The latter would like to stay at the cafà © to serve customers who might drop by unexpectedly, seeing that the cafà © is a clean and well-lighted place while bars are not as clean and well-lighted.   The younger waiter, on the other hand, is in a hurry to get into bed with his wife.    The older waiter lives by himself and finds it difficult to sleep in the night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An obvious difference between the older waiter and the younger waiter is that the latter poses questions and expects the older waiter to possess answers for each of them.   The older waiter is asked about the old customer in detail.   Although he does not possess all answers to the younger waiter’s questions, he makes inferences to develop the conversation.   Moreover, the younger waiter mentions that he is full of confidence, which the older waiter says that he lacks.   The younger waiter does not mention lack in his life in any way, while the older waiter feels that he is deprived of everything other than work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, while the younger waiter is focused on ending his work for the night and returning home, the older waiter indulges in a great deal of thinking.   He speculates about the life of the old customer, and also tries to engage the younger waiter in deep thinking.   When the younger waiter mentions that he would like to return home, the older waiter asks him the meaning of an hour.   To this, the younger waiter replies that an hour is more precious to him than to the old customer.   The old waiter explains that an hour is the same to both individuals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even as he goes home, the older waiter must decide to stop thinking.   He says to himself, nevertheless, that many people may be experiencing insomnia.   The younger waiter is not expected to think so much.   It can be inferred that the younger waiter’s life is based on actions rather than thoughts for the most part. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place.†

Danger and NASCAR Essay examples -- Racing Death Essays

Danger and NASCAR â€Å"I had never even heard of Dale Earnhardt until he crashed into eternity, but now here I am writing a column about him† (King, 64). This reaction, recorded by Florence King in National Review, seems to be a common one since Earnhardt’s death in the Daytona 500. Dale Earnhardt was a driver in the Winston Cup circuit for the National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). Despite the fact that he is arguably the most popular NASCAR driver, many people did not know who he was until he died. It is sad to realize that sometimes it takes death to become recognized. However, Dale is not the only NASCAR driver who is becoming known from his death. In a span of nine months, Tony Roper, Adam Petty, Kenny Irwin, and Earnhardt himself all have died on three different racetracks (Hinton, 133). NASCAR is focusing on the pressing issue of how to make racing as safe as possible, while remaining competitive. Some of this deals with learning from thes e deaths. All sports have risks. Unfortunately, sometimes we learn most from our mistakes. NASCAR is learning, and changing. Despite the fact that NASCAR (National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing) has a $1.7 billion, 8-year deal (Hinton, 135) with Fox, it actually had very humble beginnings. Many debate the very beginnings of racing itself. Richard Petty, a 200 race winner nicknamed â€Å"The King,† once joked, â€Å"It was the day they built the second automobile† (Menzer, 57). NASCAR actually began with a bunch of â€Å"Good Ol’ Boys† from down south. Many of the original drivers were moonshine runners, transporting illegal whiskey to lots of places in the southeast. NASCAR â€Å"was born on December 14, 1947, during a meeting of thirty-f... ... June, 2001. Hunter, Don & Pearce, Al. The Illustrated History of Stock Car Racing. Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing Company, 1998. King, Florence. "The Misanthrope's Corner." National Review. 2 April, 2001: 64. McCormick, Steve: About.com. 27 Aug. 2001. 26 October 2001. http://nascar.about.com/library/weekly/aa082701a.htm Menzer, Joe. The Wildest Ride: A History of NASCAR. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. "NASCAR considers safety rules for super tracks." The Goshen News 24 Oct. 2001: B-2. "NASCAR Safety is the Issue." Advertising Age 72.9 (2/26/01): 28. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 25 October, 2001. Spencer, Lee. "NASCAR is Facing Pressure to Get up to Speed." Sporting News. 225.7 (2/12/01): 22. Academic Search Elite. Palni Site Search. Goshen College Good Library. 25 October, 2001.

Our Country’s Good, Acting Advice For Act Essay

The scene starts off with just Ralph. I think I would tell the actor to look studious and intellectual, as Ralph would be making every effort to make the play to a very high standard so he can impress Captain Phillip in the hope of getting the promotion he has desired for some time. The mood should then change as soon as â€Å"Shitty† Meg enters on stage. She should walk on with a â€Å"tarty’ stride. She is old and thoroughly unattractive but she makes an over enthused effort to look glamorous and highly sexual. She should move toward Ralph in a very intimidating manor. Her sexual innuendoes should be delivered with a knowledgably bawdy tone and charisma, â€Å"I can play Lieutenant, I can play with any part you like†. When trying to convince Ralph into giving her a part in his play, â€Å"You don’t want a young woman peculiar, Lieutenant, they don’t know nothing†, I think she should grab Ralph’s leg as soon as she says the line; â€Å"Shut your eyes and I’ll play you as tight as a virgin†. Ralph should seem very intimidated and should jump up and back away from her in disgust. Meg should continue like this until Ralph has enough and shouts â€Å"Long! â€Å". At this point Meg should be slightly scared of Ralph’s anger but she keeps face by accusing Ralph of being a homosexual, â€Å"We thought you was a madge cull†, she should say her lines in a patronising matter-of-fact way to try and lower Ralph’s high persona of himself. The comic mood should continue when Sideway comes on the stage. He should be lively and full of character as he is your typical London â€Å"geezer†. He delivers his first few lines with an almost fake admiration for Ralph; â€Å"I am calling you Mr Clarke as one calls Mr Garick Mr Garick†. Sideway should have a very â€Å"in-your-face’ attitude to Ralph. Ralph should be very intimidated and suspicious but remain on the spot in a very militaristic manner to give the impress that he is not phased by Sideway’s very forward and friendly approach. Sideway should be walking around Ralph the whole time to try and show that he is nimble and enthusiastic; â€Å"top of my profession, Mr Clarke†. As Sideway delivers his lines, in a very reflective thoughtful manner, Ralph should gradually ease out of his rigid posture and himself seem to be thinking of the wonderful London which Sideway speaks of; â€Å"London bridge at dawn†. Then when delivering the line â€Å"plucking up courage, I pluck her†, he should remove a handkerchief out from Ralph’s back pocket, unknown to the audience or Ralph himself. Then when saying â€Å"the handkerchiefs† he should reveal the handkerchief in a very theatrical way so it is made clear to both the audience and Ralph that Sideway had stolen his handkerchief. Ralph should seem surprised but should then give the impression that he is still very important and pretending almost that nothing had happened. As soon as Dabby and Mary enter, we should realise how different the two characters are. Dabby should be confident and pushy whereas Mary should be quiet and highly reserved. Ralph should be infatuated with Mary as soon as he lays eyes on her. Although he can’t take his eyes off her I don’t think that Mary is either confident or keen enough yet to achieve eye contact with him. Dabby should push Mary forward quite forcefully after saying her line; â€Å"You asked to see Mary Brenham, Lieutenant. Here she is. â€Å"Mary is still very nervous and still doesn’t show any sort of interest in Ralph whatsoever. He intimidates her because he is one of the officers and she is also scared because she is about to audition for a play. Ralph should seem keen to want to talk to Mary rather than Dabby, purely because he is smitten with her â€Å"Do you know what a play is? â€Å". Dabby to him is just an annoyance â€Å"I’ve seen lots of plays, Lieutenant, so has Mary†. Mary must still remain quiet and nervous (this shown in the stage directions when it says that should say some of her lines â€Å"inaudibly’. Although Dabby is very keen to get Mary her part in the play because she feels that Ralph would be a good person for Mary to be with and sleep with on the ship â€Å"Mary wants to be in your play, Lieutenant† but should be very obvious about the fact that she wants in the play as well â€Å"and so do I†. Ralph wants to make sure he gives Mary the impression that he wants her to be in the play by telling her all of the good things that other people have said about her; â€Å"The Reverend Johnson told me you could read and write, Brenham†. The first time that Ralph’s and Mary’s meet should be when they both start reading the play to each other, â€Å"whilst there is life there is hope†. Every time the two look each other in the eyes when they are reading the play the looks should be held and prolonged to show an obvious attraction from both of them. Ralph for the first time in this scene is above the convicts and seems to have intellectual superiority over the two of them. The actor should say this lines in quite a patronising way not because he wants the convicts to know their place but because that is how he treats everyone â€Å"This is a comedy, they don’t really mean it†. Mary should seem very innocent and like a little girl. Especially when Ralph tries to explain the plot of the story which is rather bizarre â€Å"she falls in love with Silvia†. In the stage directions it actually says â€Å"Mary begins to giggle but tries to hold it back’. The mood then changes drastically as soon as Liz enters. Her stride should show that she is aggressive and very confident. Mary should very subtly sneak away and not say anything. Dabby and Liz should give each other evil glares. It says in the stage directions about the characters; â€Å"each holding her ground, each ready to pounce’. Ralph should seem unphased purely because he knows nothing of the hostility between the two characters; â€Å"Dabby: You can’t have her in the play, Lieutenant. Ralph: Why not? † Liz’s anger just mounts until the point at which she nearly cracks, the stage directions say that she â€Å"looks briefly at Dabby, as if to strike, then changes her mind’. The actress playing Liz should be forward and confident and intimidated by nothing â€Å"she snatches the book from Ralph and strides off’.

Post-Stroke Rehabilitation

Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Stroke, if survived, is the largest cause of long-term disabilities in the United States. Nearly 160,000 Americans have strokes every year, killing one of three individuals (reference? ). Due to our nation’s ageing population, the stroke epidemic is expected to increase nearly 25% by year 2030 (Brewer, 2012). These stroke-related disabilities impact the survivor’s quality of life and independence in everyday activities. Nearly 50% to 75% of all stroke survivors have residual cognitive or motor disabilities that prevent them from living independently (neuro-rehab reference).To determine a successful post-stroke rehabilitation for these survivors, therapists must decide on the best form of therapy, study cause and risk factors of stroke prevalence, and consider long-term effects of impairments (reference). The most recognized disability after a stroke is motor impairment. The main focus on recovery in survivors is to reduce their disability and to live independently again by participating in their normal everyday activities (Brewer, 2012). Clinical experiments have been done with robotic therapy in an attempt to find the best possible form of a successful functional recovery.It has been observed that robotic possibilities for establishing rehabilitation go beyond what a normal therapist can do. One component of this approach is the use of resistance in a direction opposite the movement. Interestingly, several researchers are still currently exploring robotic techniques that are not necessarily designed to imitate the therapeutic process, but actually probe new capabilities. For example, one possible technique that is being studied is to have the robot guide or pull the hand toward the desired trajectory and have the guidance transition to resistance as the client’s recovery progresses (Kovic, 2006).Robot- assisted therapy, in itself, has had the most success in functional recovery among these survivors. Therapists c an still use hands on approach with their clients, but are able to use robotic techniques until their patients are strong enough to not require any more assistance in learning everyday functions (Brewer, 2012). The whole purpose of therapy is to re-teach motor functions that the patients need to perform in their daily lives. Task-oriented skills in functional recovery should be key in therapy, rather it is by use of robotics or not. Another form of post-stroke rehabilitation is adaptive training. Brewer)Robotic techniques are most often used as adaptive training to facilitate motor recovery (Kovic, 2006). In JRRD#2, research was done to suggest that adaptive training was a promising novel approach to a post-stroke recovery. In their research, Patton, Kovic, and Mussa-Ivaldi used the natural adaptive tendencies of the nervous system to facilitate motor recovery. â€Å"Motor adaption studies have demonstrated that when people are repeatedly exposed to a force field that systematicall y disturbs arm motion, subjects learn to anticipate and cancel out the forces and recover their original kinematic patterns.After the disturbing force field is unexpectedly removed, the subjects make erroneous movements in directions opposite the perturbing effects. This technique has recently been shown to alter and hasten the learning process in nondisabled individuals (p644). The researchers conducted an initial pilot study to show how adaptive training might be useful for restoring arm movement. These stroke survivors showed less conspicuous results compared with nondisabled subjects exposed to the same technique.Basically, their results support the view that subjects can adapt by learning the appropriate internal model of the perturbation rather than learning a temporary sequence of muscle activations; however, adaptive training will only work if stroke patients can adapt. Their results concluded that motion is impaired because of an ineffective motor plan that can be changed t hrough structured adaptive training. (do I need reference here too? ) Risk factors increase a person’s chance of having a stroke. Those who smoke have a 50% more likely chance to have a stroke versus people who do not smoke.High blood pressure is probably the highest most common risk factor (Brockelbrink, 2011). Risk factors can be placed into either modifiable or non-modifiable groups. Many modifiable risk factors result from our individual lifestyle habits such as smoking or a diet high in fat, salt, and sugar and normally can be modified by specialists in the healthcare industry (Allen, 2008). Non-modifiable factors are related to heredity, natural processes due to our gender or age. Long-term effects with disabilities and impairments are different for each stroke victim.A number of qualified studies have shown that 50% to 75% of stroke victims cannot live independently at home (Boyd, 2009). Most long-term effects are not overcome by the older population. The younger the v ictim the more likely they are to experience a more positive post-stroke rehabilitation experience. Majority of long-term effects have been linked to the victim’s social status in life. The ones with higher education, higher wealth, more popularity, more involvement have shown the biggest increase in overcoming disabilities.Even so, families who show interaction and help in a positive way with rehabilitation of their loved ones have shown the biggest impact over everything. Strokes are estimated to become the largest cause of death globally by 2030 (Brewery, 2012). The advances of technology and medicine will have progress along in heart disease and cancer, leaving strokes as the biggest threat to our loved ones. References Brewer, L. , Hickey, A. , Horgan, F. , Williams, D. (2012) Stroke Rehabilitation: Recent Advances and Future Therapies.QJM, Ireland. Oxford University Press. Kovic, Mark. , Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. , Patton, James. L. (2006) Custom-Designed Haptic Training for Restoring Reaching Ability to Individuals with Poststroke Hemiparesis. Chicago, IL. Northwestern University. Boyd, Lara A. , He, Jianghua. , Macko, Richard F. , Mayo, Matthew S. , McDowd, Joan M. , Quaney, Barbara M. (2009) Aerobic Exercise Improves Cognition and Motor Function PostStroke. Kansas City, Kansas. Kansas Medical Center. Fang, Jing. , George, Mary G. , Shaw, Kate M. 2012) Prevalence of Stroke-United States, 2006-2010. MMWR. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 61(20); 379-382. Bockelbrink, Angelina. , Muller-Nordhorn, Jacqueline. , Muller-Riemenschneider, Falk. , Norte, Christian H. , Stroebele, Nanette. , Willich, Stefan N. (2011) Knowledge of Risk Factors, and Warning Signs of Stroke: A Systematic Review From a Gender Perspective. Allen, Claire L. , Bayraktutan, Ulvi. (2008) Risk Factors for Ischaemic Stroke. International Journal of Stroke, 3: 105-116.

Electric Power Industry Deregulation Essays - Free Essays

Electric Power Industry Deregulation Essays - Free Essays Electric Power Industry Deregulation The roots of modern day regulation can be traced all the way back to the late 1800's and found in the form of antitrust. By the beginning of the 20th century, the U.S. government had formed the interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the railroad industry, and shortly thereafter, many other regulatory commissions were founded in the transportation, communication, and securities fields. The main goal of these regulatory commissions was to create a reasonable rate structure that would be appealing to both producers and consumers. While this system has worked for many years, it has recently come under heavy criticism, with many people pushing for open competition among electric power producers. Although once believed to be an impossible proposal, competition among electric power producers is finally a reality in a few areas. Massachusetts is just one state where legislation implemented to create competition among electric power producers is not only favored by the people of the state , but has also provided significant rate reductions as well. The attempt at regulating price in the electric industry is a troublesome one. The objective is not only to minimize the cost to consumers, but also to create a rate structure that will entice the electric company to remain in the industry. The regulatory commission wants the electric company to have a reason to innovate so that they will be able to provide cheaper power in the future. However, if the commission captures all gains from innovation in the form of lower prices, then the electric company has no incentive to undertake any type of innovation. Therefore, a compromise must be reached which would provide adequate incentives for firms to undertake cost-reducing actions while at the same time ensuring that the price for consumers is not exorbitant. The term regulation refers to government controlled restrictions on firm decisions over price, quantity, and entry and exit. Each factor of an industry must be regulated for producers and consumers to truly benefit. The control of price does not mean setting one fixed price, but rather entails the creation of a price structure for purchasing electricity during peak and non-peak times. The control of quantity refers to the government's attempt to control the amount produced or in this case the amount of electricity produced. For example, in the electric industry, it does not make sense to have a lot of small power plants produce electricity. However, at the same time one company can not be allowed to monopolize the industry and set prices at its own discretion. Another factor in this problem is the control of entry and exit in the electric industry. By controlling who can enter the industry, the government can control who produces the electricity and how much of it they produce. Howev er, the effectiveness of regulation has begun to be questioned, and created the evolution of a more competitive market. Ever since the Public Utility Act of 1935, which in turn created the Federal Power Commission, the role of electric utility regulation and its effectiveness has been questioned. Since that act was passed into legislation, the question has always remained: has electric regulation made a difference? Major studies done throughout the 20th century found conflicting results. A study published in 1962 and conducted by Stigler and Friedland compared the price of electricity in states with regulation to the price in states without regulation. However, at the time all states had electric regulation, so Stigler and Friedland had to go back to the 1920's and 1930's to find states without regulation. Their finding was as expected. In 1922, the average price of electricity was 2.44 cents per kilowatt-hour in states with regulation. However, in states without regulation, the average price increased to 3.87 cents per kilowatt-hour. While many would say that prices could vary for reasons other than regulation, Stigler and Friedland controlled the analysis of other variables and found that no significant difference in price existed. Other critics felt that this study was done in a time when regulation was just getting started, and that regulators in the present day are more effective. Two other studies which found different results were those conducted by Meyer and Leland and another done by Greene and

How Laszlo Biro Changed the History of Ballpoint Pens

How Laszlo Biro Changed the History of Ballpoint Pens No man was more foolish when he had not a pen in his hand, or more wise when he had. Samuel Johnson. A Hungarian journalist named Laszlo Biro invented the first ballpoint pen in 1938. Biro had noticed that the ink used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper smudge-free, so he decided to create a pen using the same type of ink. But the thicker ink wouldnt flow from a regular pen nib. Biro had to devise a new type of point. He did so by fitting his pen with a tiny ball bearing in its tip. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper.   Biros Patents This principle of the ballpoint pen actually dates back to an 1888 patent owned by John Loud for a product designed to mark leather, but this patent was commercially unexploited. Biro first patented his pen in 1938 and he applied for another  patent in June 1943 in Argentina after he and his brother emigrated there in 1940.   The British government bought the licensing rights to Biro’s patent during World War II. The British Royal Air Force needed a new pen that would not leak at higher altitudes in fighter planes the way fountain pens did. The ballpoint’s successful performance for the Air Force brought Biro’s pens into the limelight. Unfortunately, Biro had never gotten a U.S. patent for his pen, so another battle was just beginning even as World War II ended.   The Battle of the Ballpoint Pens   A lot of improvements were made to pens in general over the years, leading to a battle over the rights to Biros invention.  The newly-formed Eterpen Company in Argentina commercialized the Biro pen after the Biro brothers received their patents there. The press hailed the success of  their writing tool because it could write for a year without refilling. Then, in May 1945,  Eversharp Company teamed up with Eberhard-Faber to acquire exclusive rights to Biro Pens of Argentina. The pen was rebranded as the â€Å"Eversharp CA,† which stood for â€Å"capillary action.† It was released to the press months in advance of public sales. Less than a month after Eversharp/Eberhard closed the deal with Eterpen, a Chicago businessman, Milton Reynolds, visited Buenos Aires in June 1945.  He noticed the Biro pen while he was in a store and recognized the pen’s sales potential. He bought a few as samples and returned to America to launch the Reynolds International Pen Company, ignoring Eversharp’s patent rights. Reynolds copied the Biro pen within four months and began to sell his product by the end of October 1945. He called it Reynolds Rocket and made it available at Gimbel’s department store in New York City. Reynolds’ imitation beat Eversharp to market and it was immediately successful. Priced at $12.50 each, $100,000 worth of pens sold their first day on the market. Britain was not far behind. The Miles-Martin Pen Company sold the first ballpoint pens to the public there at Christmas 1945.   The Ballpoint Pen Becomes a Fad Ballpoint pens were guaranteed to write for two years without refilling and sellers claimed they were smear-proof. Reynolds advertised his pen as one that could write under water. Then Eversharp sued Reynolds for copying the design that Eversharp had acquired legally. The 1888 patent by John Loud would have invalidated everyones claims, but no one knew that at the time. Sales skyrocketed for both competitors, but Reynolds’ pen tended to leak and skip. It  often failed to write. Eversharp’s pen did not live up to its own advertisements either. A very high volume of pen returns occurred for both Eversharp and Reynolds. The ballpoint pen fad ended due to consumer unhappiness.  Frequent price wars, poor quality products, and heavy advertising costs hurt both companies by 1948. Sales nosedived.  The original $12.50 asking price dropped to less than 50 cents per pen. The Jotter   Meanwhile, fountain pens experienced a resurgence of their old popularity as Reynolds’ company folded. Then  Parker Pens introduced its first ballpoint pen, the Jotter, in January 1954. The Jotter wrote five times longer than the Eversharp or Reynolds pens. It had a variety of point sizes, a rotating cartridge, and large-capacity ink refills. Best of all, it worked. Parker sold 3.5 million Jotters at prices from $2.95 to $8.75 in less than a year. The Ballpoint Pen Battle Is Won   By 1957,  Parker had  introduced the tungsten carbide  textured ball bearing in their ballpoint pens. Eversharp was in deep financial trouble and tried to switch back to selling fountain pens. The company sold its pen division to Parker Pens and Eversharp finally liquidated its assets in the 1960s. Then Came Bic   The French Baron Bich dropped the ‘H’ from his name and began selling pens called BICs in 1950. By the late fifties,  BIC  held 70 percent of the European market.   BIC bought 60 percent of the New York-based Waterman Pens in 1958, and it owned  100 percent of Waterman Pens by 1960. The company sold ballpoint pens in the U.S. for 29 cents up to 69 cents. Ballpoint Pens Today   BIC  dominates the market in the 21st century. Parker, Sheaffer, and Waterman capture smaller upscale markets of fountain pens and expensive ballpoints.  The highly popular modern version of Laszlo Biros pen, the BIC Crystal, has a daily worldwide sales figure of 14 million pieces. Biro is still the generic name used for the ballpoint pen used  in most of the world.

IT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT - Research Paper Example Thus, it is advised by computer experts to keep a backup of the information and resources that are stored on computer systems. This paper will focus upon the various storage devices that can be used by computer users to keep a backup of their information and resources, and the differences between redundant and backup data storage and how systems fail and how can they be protected. Backup Media Various forms of backup media available to users include: optical storage methods such as writeable and re-writable CDs and DVDs, external and internal hard disks that can be mounted on the systems and flash memory systems such as pen drives, USB drives and memory cards. Information stored on optical drives can last for very long period of time if these drives are kept safely, secondly these drives are even available in write once only form. This is an advantage because the data that is stored on these drives cannot be replaced or over-written. These drives even come in re-writable form; this m eans that same drive can be used do over write if old information is no longer needed. These drives are easy to move from one pc to another, these drives can be used in several systems but one system can use it at a time. Another downside of optical drives is that the time taken by these drives to write data and store information on them is considerably high if compared to the time taken by flash drives and other forms of memory drives. Another form of backup media that can come in handy for computer users is installing a second hard drive internally or externally. The advantages of having a second hard disk are enormous. Firstly, the second hard disk can act as a backup for files stored on your system; this will come in handy if the files from the first hard disk are deleted. Another advantage of using an extra hard disk is that the process of backing up files in a second hard disk is faster as compared to backing up these files in an optical drive or a USB flash memory drive. Havi ng a second hard disk is even of advantage as the files and the resources that have been downloaded over time on the computer system can be safe and the users d not have to take the pain of downloading and saving these resources again. All the operations conducted in a computer system take place on the first hard disk or the primary hard disk, due to this continuous usage, the hard disk becomes old and starts wearing out and ultimately the user has to replace it. When two hard disks are involved in the process of running a computer system, the burden of running the computer system is shared and both the hard disks gain higher functional life time. Disadvantages associated with installing a second hard disk are few in number. Firstly, hard disks have to be dealt with extra care, misuse may easily damage or corrupt the hard disk and data loss may occur, secondly, if the drive is installed inside the system, moving the drive to another system might become difficult and during the trans fer, the chances of damage are quite high. One of the best backup media designed to-date is USB flash memory drives/sticks. The advantages of using this media are: they are very small in size and can hold huge amount o information, they are easy to move and do not contain parts that might get corrupted if they are mishandled. These drives are even better than optical drives as they cannot be destroyed due to scratches and dust. Installing them is much easier than installing hard disks as they do not need

Teaching techniques. Differentiated Process, Product, and Content Assignment

Teaching techniques. Differentiated Process, Product, and Content - Assignment Example Students are then encouraged to develop critical thinking skills by looking at writings and other forms of media that influence them today, and compare that to the time of the Founding Fathers as well. All of the objectives stated in the lesson are clearly explained to the students from the outset, and the main assessment related directly back to aforementioned learning goals. Because of the varied types of writing in existence during the time the Constitution was being written, and the plethora of different messages we receive today, this particular lesson and topic provides multiple opportunities to introduce differentiated instruction into the classroom. Based upon student interest, the instructor can tailor make various videos, multi-media, technology, and print based options for the students to learn the necessary concepts for this unit. Each of these strategies would fit the stated learning outcomes (that each student will understand the influence that others have on our way of thinking) and can be aligned to cover differentiated access, product, and content. Differentiated Process, Product, and Content In considering how to apply differentiation to this lesson, it is important that teachers remember that their role is to match the interest level of each student with the mode of instruction and assessment. For this particular unit, the teacher will need to consider the types of media that most influence each student in the class. This can include taking a learning inventory, or simply through observation, but the bottom line is that the instructor needs to bring the curriculum alive to the students. Implementing the differentiation process for this unit will enable each student in the class to understand the lesson objectives, presented in the form of source documents, in their own unique manner. In so doing, it is possible for teachers to differentiate the content, process, and product for their students (Sousa & Tomlinson, 2011). The differentiation of content refers to the change that occurs in the material as it is being taught and learned by each individual student in the class. As example of this for this particular lesson would be if the classroom objective is for all students in the classroom to be able to identify the reasons why source documents influence our thinking and way of life. In order to accomplish this task, some students may choose to focus on the original writings of the day, while other may choose to use modern day media to illustrate a real life example that is relevant today. The differentiation process actually refers to the way in which each student in the class accesses the material. One study, for example, may explore various writings contained an in actual historical text, while others may choose to review video representations of the same material. This process continues with the differentiation of product, which most commonly refers to the way in which a student demonstrates what he or she has actuall y learned. For this unit, that will take place via the individual or group products that are presented at the conclusion of the lesson. One group or individual might choose to present a skit, for example, while other will choose to demonstrate their findings via a PowerPoint. When implementing the differentiated process, the sky is truly the limit. Conclusion As teachers decide to differentiate their lessons, they must take into account the readiness, interest, and learning profile of each individual student in the class. In this case, readiness most commonly ref

No Topic, Follow the attachment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

No Topic, Follow the attachment - Assignment Example Companies should work as a team not an organism. Organisms function independently from each other. If the barriers are broken down through communication future problems can be reduced and eliminated. 10. â€Å"Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force asking for zero defects and new levels of productivity. Such exhortations only create adversarial relationships, as the bulk of the causes of low quality and low productivity belong to the system and thus lie beyond the power of the work force†: Instead of requiring unrealistic goals, since all workers and the system are human creation, expectations should reflect a level of breakdown. Instead of quotas, employees should be encouraged to do their best. Rewards and punishments should be based on performance of the worker, not the system or machinery. For example, a broken machine should not impact the employees negatively. Machines wear down and break. Laying off employees or sending them home due to mechanical failure should be the last option. Companies always need to have cleaning, trash removal, or other mundane chores that employees can complete while their machinery is being fixed. If the factory w orkers feel that they are part of team instead of part of the machinery, work can be more productive in a comfortable environment. â€Å"Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute leadership†: Instead of quotas, leaders should be on the factory floor encouraging good work habits. If a leader, manager, or foreman is visible, employees have an incentive to work harder. When seeing an employee talking on a cell phone, or being unproductive a leader can nip it in the bud right then. â€Å"Eliminate management by objective. Eliminate management by numbers, numerical goals. Substitute leadership†: Management that is not seen but heard through dictates, letters, or other means does not impact the employees as much as true leadership

How Mary Rowlandsons Puritan Beliif Influenced Her Narrative of Her Captivity Essay Example for Free

How Mary Rowlandsons Puritan Beliif Influenced Her Narrative of Her Captivity Essay Some people are just better suited for things and situations then others. If you want a really hard math equation done maybe you should look in the depths of the library. If you need help moving into a new house and are moving heavy stuff go to the nearest weight room. Everyone, for the most part, is usually good for something. In this narrative, religion is everywhere.With verse after verse being quoted from the Bible. Some people have many Gods while most have one reining all-powerful being. In the case of Mary Rowlandson, I believe her being a puritan and having the strong puritan beliefs made her more suitable for dealing with the trails she was about to face then say a everyday church goer. Being the wife of a preacher it shows in the text Mary was solidly grounded in her faith making and well knowledgeable See more: how to start a narrative essay introduction The Puritan Belief is one that was quite popular in the colonies at that time. Major Puritan beliefs are taken seriously. A Puritan had to be a hard worker, be honest about everything and to be able to be self sufficient even though they believed that life on this earth was of little importance, that they shouldn’t worry too much because life is temporary. That all people’s faith is already predetermined from the second they were born. From Mary’s point of view she was very obedient to her husband. The Father was the backbone of Puritan households; he had control over everything and led the family financially and spiritually. In the start of Mary’s captivity she is living in Lancaster with her family when the natives attack them. Almost everyone on the village is brutally killed or wounded or taken into captivity and bargained for goods from the colonist for their lives. Mary’s family members were either killed or wounded. She witnessed the brutality of the Indians as she describes in one man in her village wounded in the ground begging for his life and the natives ripped him naked and removed all his bowels (Salisbury, p.68). Now separated from all but her very wounded daughter the natives begin to take them northwest. Eventually her daughter, Sarah, passes away from her injuries. This trail in Mary’s life for many people would spell doom. I don’t think if Mary were a devout Puritan she would have not survived the hardship of losing her daughter plus the abuse of being a captive to the natives. Even with her strong faith Mary writes about her waning faith, the bitterness in her heart and intense sadness she is feeling During this time Mary describes the natives of being like demons. Workers for the evil doings of Satan (Salisbury, p.71). That the natives are more then just enemies of war but enemies of the Christian faith and the spread of the goodness of God. Saying many times over she yearns for the company of fellow Christians. While writing this narrative Mary constantly revaluates her faith. Even saying at one point after the death of her daughter then she has not been showing the lord enough attention on the Sabbath. Saying at one time â€Å"The next day was the Sabbath: then I remembered how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent, and how evilly I had walked in Gods sight†(Salisbury, p.74). Mary realizes that she must keep her faith if she is going to survive this ordeal. She always quotes scripture to understand or squander any obstacle she faces. Even in the smallest things she quotes scripture, while walking she simply slips a quotes a Psalm, â€Å"When my foot slipped, thy mercy, O Lord, help me up†(Salisbury, p.96). Reinforcing her puritan beliefs that God had a plan for her. That everything that was happening to her was in an already predetermined plan. God though seems from my point of view was watching over Mary. When her wounds are worsening she happens to run into a British man that had similar injuries and showed her how to heal them. During one of the Indians raids on the Medfield colony, one of the natives recovered a Bible that they allowed Mary to read(Salisbury, p.76). When she needed food somehow she found a way to get food or some was provided for her. King Philip is a tribal leader that even though the war bears his name is not so violent him-self and makes Mary’s survival chances brighter. Mary gets word from a man that her husband is alive and she gets to see her children which gives her hope that she will live with them again. All these things some small some larger made God seem present with her. Mary knows the Puritan belief requires them to be self-sufficient. She foraged for nuts and grain and started sewing to trade for either meals or goods like tobacco, which she could sell. Mary is always honest with the natives. Never ling to them about her plans or what she thought. Mary Rowlandson’s narrative on this story did show me how during rough times during the early colonies these religious puritans held strong. Though some beliefs of the new bay puritans may be drastic if seems it was the perfect religion for that time. Throughout the story Mary is tempted with signs of rescue but never truly curses God or defiles him. Personally Mary’s story is very similar to Jobs, who she quotes one or twice, in which God allows Satan to bring many hardships on him to challenge his faith because Satan believe since God blesses Job with many things when all is taken from him he will abandon God and curse him. Job never does though saying to his wife, â€Å"Shall we only except the good things from God and not the Bad?† Mary’s perseverance eventually leads to her release and she is reunited with most of her family. Her Puritan belief kept her mentally and spiritually prepared for what she had to go through and inspired her to write such a powerful story of faith and hope.